Endocrinology and Metabolism

Original Articles

Diabetes, obesity and metabolism
Triglyceride-Glucose Index Predicts Future Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A 16-Year Follow-up in a Prospective, Community-Dwelling Cohort Study: Joon Ho Moon, Yongkang Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Jae Hoon Moon, Soo Heon Kwak, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Sung Hee Choi, Nam H. Cho; Endocrinol Metab. 2023;38(4):406-417. Published online August 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2023.1703

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Background
While the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a measure of insulin resistance, its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been well elucidated. We evaluated the TyG index for prediction of CVDs in a prospective large communitybased cohort.
Methods
Individuals 40 to 70 years old were prospectively followed for a median 15.6 years. The TyG index was calculated as the Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL)×fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. CVDs included any acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate CVD risks according to quartiles of the TyG index and plotted the receiver operating characteristics curve for the incident CVD.
Results
Among 8,511 subjects (age 51.9±8.8 years; 47.5% males), 931 (10.9%) had incident CVDs during the follow-up. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, total cholesterol, smoking, alcohol, exercise, and C-reactive protein, subjects in the highest TyG quartile had 36% increased risk of incident CVD compared with the lowest TyG quartile (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.68). Carotid plaque, assessed by ultrasonography was more frequent in subjects in the higher quartile of TyG index (P for trend=0.049 in men and P for trend <0.001 in women). The TyG index had a higher predictive power for CVDs than the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (area under the curve, 0.578 for TyG and 0.543 for HOMA-IR). Adding TyG index on diabetes or hypertension alone gave sounder predictability for CVDs.
Conclusion
The TyG index is independently associated with future CVDs in 16 years of follow-up in large, prospective Korean cohort.

Citations

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Construction and validation of a nomogram for predicting diabetes remission at 3 months after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kaisheng Yuan, Bing Wu, Ruiqi Zeng, Fuqing Zhou, Ruixiang Hu, Cunchuan Wang
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(1): 169. CrossRef
Association between the triglyceride glucose index and chronic total coronary occlusion: A cross-sectional study from southwest China
Kaiyong Xiao, Huili Cao, Bin Yang, Zhe Xv, Lian Xiao, Jianping Wang, Shuiqing Ni, Hui Feng, Zhongwei He, Lei Xv, Juan Li, Dongmei Xv
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2024; 34(4): 850. CrossRef
The association between TyG and all-cause/non-cardiovascular mortality in general patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is modified by age: results from the cohort study of NHANES 1999–2018
Younan Yao, Bo Wang, Tian Geng, Jiyan Chen, Wan Chen, Liwen Li
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Triglyceride-glucose index predicts type 2 diabetes mellitus more effectively than oral glucose tolerance test-derived insulin sensitivity and secretion markers
Min Jin Lee, Ji Hyun Bae, Ah Reum Khang, Dongwon Yi, Mi Sook Yun, Yang Ho Kang
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 210: 111640. CrossRef
Evaluation of the novel three lipid indices for predicting five- and ten-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: findings from Kerman coronary artery disease risk factors study (KERCADRS)
Alireza Jafari, Hamid Najafipour, Mitra Shadkam, Sina Aminizadeh
Lipids in Health and Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
The Presence of Clonal Hematopoiesis Is Negatively Associated with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: Tae Jung Oh, Han Song, Youngil Koh, Sung Hee Choi; Endocrinol Metab. 2022;37(2):243-248. Published online April 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1337

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Background
Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) has been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular disease, aging and insulin resistance. Despite the debate of causal contribution of CHIP on metabolic diseases, we want to explore whether CHIP is related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).
Methods
This study analyzed the prevalence of CHIP in patients with type 2 diabetes classified according to DPN status. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between CHIP and DPN.
Results
CHIP was more prevalent in subjects without DPN than those with DPN (19.9% vs. 8.8%, respectively; P=0.013). Individuals having any CHIP, or DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) CHIP were less likely to have any abnormality shown in DPN test; the adjusted odds ratio were 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 1.00) and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.89), respectively. Interestingly, DNMT3A CHIP showed the negative association, but Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) CHIP showed the positive association with abnormal feet electrochemical skin conductance level.
Conclusion
On the contrary to expectations, CHIP was negatively associated with DPN. Functional linking between the mutation in hematopoietic cells and DPN, and the opposite role of DNMT3A and TET2 should be investigated.

Citations

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TET2 mutation as prototypic clonal hematopoiesis lesion
Luca Guarnera, Babal K. Jha
Seminars in Hematology.2024; 61(1): 51. CrossRef
Clonal hematopoiesis with DNMT3A mutation is associated with lower white matter hyperintensity volume
Woo‐Jin Lee, Keun‐Hwa Jung, Han Song, Heesun Lee, Hyo Eun Park, Youngil Koh, Su‐Yeon Choi, Kyung‐Il Park
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics.2023; 29(5): 1243. CrossRef

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Big Data Articles (National Health Insurance Service Database)
Frequency of Exposure to Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mee Kyoung Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):1007-1015. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1218

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Background
Metabolic abnormalities, such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG), are dynamic phenomena; however, it is unclear whether the timing of IFG exposure and cumulative exposure to IFG are related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk.
Methods
Data were extracted from a nationwide population-based cohort in South Korea for adults (n=2,206,679) who were free of diabetes and had 4 years of consecutive health examination data. Fasting blood glucose levels of 100 to 125 mg/dL were defined as IFG, and the number of IFG diagnoses for each adult in the 4-year period was tabulated as the IFG exposure score (range, 0 to 4). Adults with persistent IFG for the 4-year period received a score of 4.
Results
The median follow-up was 8.2 years. There were 24,820 deaths, 13,502 cases of stroke, and 13,057 cases of myocardial infarction (MI). IFG exposure scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with all-cause mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.15; aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.20; aHR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.25; aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.25, respectively) compared with an IFG exposure score of 0. Adjusting for hypertension and dyslipidemia attenuated the slightly increased risk of MI or stroke associated with high IFG exposure scores, but significant associations for allcause mortality remained.
Conclusion
The intensity of IFG exposure was associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality, independent of cardiovascular risk factors. The association between IFG exposure and CVD risk was largely mediated by the coexistence of dyslipidemia and hypertension.

Citations

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A nationwide cohort study on diabetes severity and risk of Parkinson disease
Kyungdo Han, Bongsung Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
npj Parkinson's Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Diabetes severity is strongly associated with the risk of active tuberculosis in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study with a 6-year follow-up
Ji Young Kang, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee, Mee Kyoung Kim
Respiratory Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Construction and Validation of a Model for Predicting Impaired Fasting Glucose Based on More Than 4000 General Population
Cuicui Wang, Xu Zhang, Chenwei Li, Na Li, Xueni Jia, Hui Zhao
International Journal of General Medicine.2023; Volume 16: 1415. CrossRef
Factors Affecting High Body Weight Variability
Kyungdo Han, Mee Kyoung Kim
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2023; 32(2): 163. CrossRef
Exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and risk of stroke in adults: a meta-analysis
Min Cheol Chang, Seung Min Chung, Sang Gyu Kwak
Reviews on Environmental Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cumulative effect of impaired fasting glucose on the risk of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people: a nationwide cohort study
Jin Yu, Kyu-Na Lee, Hun-Sung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A Longitudinal Retrospective Observational Study on Obesity Indicators and the Risk of Impaired Fasting Glucose in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Myung Ji Nam, Hyunjin Kim, Yeon Joo Choi, Kyung-Hwan Cho, Seon Mee Kim, Yong-Kyun Roh, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong-Gyu Park, Joo-Hyun Park, Do-Hoon Kim
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(10): 2795. CrossRef
Current Trends of Big Data Research Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(4): 552. CrossRef
Lipid cutoffs for increased cardiovascular disease risk in non-diabetic young people
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hun-Sung Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hwan Lee
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2022; 29(14): 1866. CrossRef
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level, Statin Use and Myocardial Infarction Risk in Young Adults
Heekyoung Jeong, Kyungdo Han, Soon Jib Yoo, Mee Kyoung Kim
Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2022; 11(3): 288. CrossRef
Additive interaction of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in cancer patient mortality risk
Seohyun Kim, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Articles

Calcium & Bone Metabolism
Review and Update of the Risk Factors and Prevention of Antiresorptive-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Ha Young Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(5):917-927. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.1170

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Antiresorptive-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) is a rare but serious adverse event of bisphosphonate or denosumab administration; it is associated with severe pain and a deteriorated quality of life. Since its first report in 2003, there have been many studies on its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Nevertheless, the epidemiology and mechanisms underlying this condition have not yet been fully delineated and several risk factors are known. Moreover, as there is no effective treatment currently available for osteonecrosis of the jaw, prevention is essential. Furthermore, close cooperation between prescribing physicians and dentists is important. The aim of this review was to provide up-to-date information regarding the risk factors and prevention of ARONJ from a physician’s perspective.

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Obesity and Metabolism
An Update on Contraception in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Seda Hanife Oguz, Bulent Okan Yildiz; Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(2):296-311. Published online April 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2021.958

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), along with lifestyle modifications, represent the first-line medical treatment for the long-term management of PCOS. Containing low doses of estrogen and different types of progestin, COCs restore menstrual cyclicity, improve hyperandrogenism, and provide additional benefits such as reducing the risk of endometrial cancer. However, potential cardiometabolic risk associated with these agents has been a concern. COCs increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), related both to the dose of estrogen and the type of progestin involved. Arterial thrombotic events related to COC use occur much less frequently, and usually not a concern for young patients. All patients diagnosed with PCOS should be carefully evaluated for cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline, before initiating a COC. Age, smoking, obesity, glucose intolerance or diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thrombophilia, and family history of VTE should be recorded. Patients should be re-assessed at consecutive visits, more closely if any baseline cardiometabolic risk factor is present. Individual risk assessment is the key in order to avoid unfavorable outcomes related to COC use in women with PCOS.

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Diabetes
Prevalence and Current Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Adults Based on Fact Sheets: Eun-Jung Rhee; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):85-94. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.85

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Korea is currently an aged society and is on the cusp of becoming a superaged society in a few years. The health burden of cardiovascular diseases increases with age, and the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, may be linked to increased population-level cardiovascular risk. In 2018, the prevalence of obesity in Korea was 35.7% (men, 45.4%; women, 26.5%) according to the Obesity Fact Sheet 2019, based on National Health Insurance Corporation medical checkup data. In 2016, the prevalence of diabetes was 14.4% in Koreans older than 30 years according to the Diabetes Fact Sheet published by the Korean Diabetes Association, based on data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of hypertension in the total population of Korea in 2018 was 28.3% according to the Korean Hypertension Fact Sheet produced by the Korean Society of Hypertension. Lastly, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in 2018 was 40.5% according to the Dyslipidemia Fact Sheet published by the Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis. In this article, I would like to review the prevalence and current management of cardiovascular risk factors in Korea according to the fact sheets released by various associations.

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Bone Metabolism
Potential Biomarkers to Improve the Prediction of Osteoporotic Fractures: Beom-Jun Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Jung-Min Koh; Endocrinol Metab. 2020;35(1):55-63. Published online March 19, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.55

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Osteoporotic fracture (OF) is associated with high disability and morbidity rates. The burden of OF may be reduced by early identification of subjects who are vulnerable to fracture. Although the current fracture risk assessment model includes clinical risk factors (CRFs) and bone mineral density (BMD), its overall ability to identify individuals at high risk for fracture remains suboptimal. Efforts have therefore been made to identify potential biomarkers that can predict the risk of OF, independent of or combined with CRFs and BMD. This review highlights the emerging biomarkers of bone metabolism, including sphongosine-1-phosphate, leucine-rich repeat-containing 17, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, sclerostin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, and periostin, and the importance of biomarker risk score, generated by combining these markers, in enhancing the accuracy of fracture prediction.

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Original Article

Clinical Study
Disease-Specific Mortality of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients in Korea: A Multicenter Cohort Study: Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Tae Hyuk Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Hyon-Seung Yi, Eun Sook Kim, Hosu Kim, Young Nam Kim, Eun Heui Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Ho-Cheol Kang, Jae Hoon Chung, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(4):434-441. Published online November 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.4.434

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Background

Little is known regarding disease-specific mortality of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients and its risk factors in Korea.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a large multi-center cohort of thyroid cancer from six Korean hospitals and included 8,058 DTC patients who underwent initial surgery between 1996 and 2005.

Results

Mean age of patients at diagnosis was 46.2±12.3 years; 87% were females. Most patients had papillary thyroid cancer (PTC; 97%) and underwent total thyroidectomy (85%). Mean size of the primary tumor was 1.6±1.0 cm. Approximately 40% of patients had cervical lymph node (LN) metastases and 1.3% had synchronous distant metastases. During 11.3 years of follow-up, 150 disease-specific mortalities (1.9%) occurred; the 10-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate was 98%. According to the year of diagnosis, the number of disease-specific mortality was not different. However, the rate of disease-specific mortality decreased during the study period (from 7.7% to 0.7%). Older age (≥45 years) at diagnosis, male, follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) versus PTC, larger tumor size (>2 cm), presence of extrathyroidal extension (ETE), lateral cervical LN metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage were independent risk factors of disease-specific mortality of DTC patients.

Conclusion

The rate of disease-specific mortality of Korean DTC patients was 1.9%; the 10-year DSS rate was 98% during 1996 to 2005. Older age at diagnosis, male, FTC, larger tumor size, presence of ETE, lateral cervical LN metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stages were significant risk factors of disease-specific mortality of Korean DTC patients.

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Review Article

Calcium and Cardiovascular Disease: Ian R. Reid, Sarah M. Birstow, Mark J. Bolland; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(3):339-349. Published online September 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.3.339

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Circulating calcium is a risk factor for vascular disease, a conclusion arising from prospective studies involving hundreds of thousands of participants and extending over periods of up to 30 years. These associations may be partially mediated by other cardiovascular risk factors such as circulating lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index, but there appears to be a residual independent effect of serum calcium. Polymorphisms of the calcium-sensing receptor associated with small elevations of serum calcium are also associated with cardiovascular disease, suggesting that calcium plays a causative role. Trials of calcium supplements in patients on dialysis and those with less severe renal failure demonstrate increased mortality and/or acceleration of vascular disease, and meta-analyses of trials in those without overt renal disease suggest a similar adverse effect. Interpretation of the latter trials is complicated by a significant interaction between baseline use of calcium supplements and the effect of randomisation to calcium in the largest trial. Restriction of analysis to those who are calcium-naive demonstrates a consistent adverse effect. Observational studies of dietary calcium do not demonstrate a consistent adverse effect on cardiovascular health, though very high or very low intakes may be deleterious. Thus, obtaining calcium from the diet rather than supplements is to be encouraged.

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Original Article

Utility of the Visceral Adiposity Index and Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype for Predicting Incident Hypertension: Mohsen Janghorbani, Mohammad Reza Salamat, Ashraf Aminorroaya, Masoud Amini; Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):221-229. Published online May 19, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.221

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Background

The aim of this study was to assess the utility of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype as possible hypertension (HTN) predictors in a high-risk population without diabetes and HTN.

Methods

Incident HTN over a 7-year follow-up was assessed among 1,375 first-degree non-diabetic and non-hypertensive relatives of consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were 30 to 70 years of age. HTN was defined as a blood pressure reading ≥140/90 mm Hg or the use of antihypertensive medications. We examined the incidence of HTN across VAI quintiles and four groups defined according to baseline fasting serum triglyceride (TG) levels and waist circumference (WC).

Results

The VAI and the HTGW phenotype at baseline were related to an increased risk for HTN. In comparison with the lowest VAI quintile, the highest VAI quintile showed a significant associated with HTN in an age- and gender-adjusted model (odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.55). Those with HTGW were 2.3 times (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.54 to 3.35) more likely to develop HTN than those with a normal WC and normal TG levels.

Conclusion

Greater VAI values weakly predicted HTN, whereas the HTGW phenotype was a stronger predictor of incident HTN in an Iranian high-risk population.

Citations

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Response: Utility of the Visceral Adiposity Index and Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype for Predicting Incident Hypertension (Endocrinol Metab 2017;32:221-9, Mohsen Janghorbani et al.)
Mohsen Janghorbani
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(4): 485. CrossRef
Letter: Utility of the Visceral Adiposity Index and Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype for Predicting Incident Hypertension (Endocrinol Metab 2017;32:221-9, Mohsen Janghorbani et al.)
Eun-Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(3): 396. CrossRef

Review Article

Endocrine Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment: Jae Hoon Moon; Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(2):185-192. Published online April 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.185

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Cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia, is a major health problem in older adults worldwide. Although numerous investigators have attempted to develop effective treatment modalities or drugs, there is no reasonably efficacious strategy for preventing or recovering from cognitive impairment. Therefore, modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment have received attention, and the growing literature of metabolic risk factors for cognitive impairment has expanded from epidemiology to molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic management. This review focuses on the epidemiological evidence for the association between cognitive impairment and several endocrine risk factors, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, thyroid dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Researches suggesting possible mechanisms for this association are reviewed. The research investigating modifiable endocrine risk factors for cognitive impairment provides clues for understanding the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and developing novel treatment modalities. However, so far, interventional studies investigating the beneficial effect of the "modification" of these "modifiable risk factors" on cognitive impairment have reported variable results. Therefore, well-designed, randomized prospective interventional studies are needed.

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Original Articles

Obesity and Metabolism
Factors Associated with Glycemic Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Soyeon Yoo, Sang-Ouk Chin, Sang-Ah Lee, Gwanpyo Koh; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):352-360. Published online August 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.352

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Background

The role of glycemic variability (GV) in development of cardiovascular diseases remains controversial, and factors that determine glucose fluctuation in patients with diabetes are unknown. We investigated relationships between GV indices, kinds of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

We analyzed 209 patients with T2DM. The GV index (standard deviation [SD] and mean absolute glucose change [MAG]) were calculated from 7-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles. The patients were classified into four groups according to whether they take OHAs known as GV-lowering (A) and GV-increasing (B): 1 (A only), 2 (neither), 3 (both A and B), and 4 (B only). The 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) was calculated using the Pooled Cohort Equations.

Results

GV indices were significantly higher in patients taking sulfonylureas (SUs), but lower in those taking dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. In hierarchical regression analysis, the use of SUs remained independent correlates of the SD (β=0.209, P=0.009) and MAG (β=0.214, P=0.011). In four OHA groups, GV indices increased progressively from group 1 to group 4. However, these did not differ according to quartiles of 10-year ASCVD risk.

Conclusion

GV indices correlated significantly with the use of OHAs, particularly SU, and differed significantly according to combination of OHAs. However, cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year ASCVD risk were not related to GV indices. These findings suggest that GV is largely determined by properties of OHAs and not to cardiovascular complications in patients with T2DM.

Citations

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Prognostic value of longitudinal HbA1c variability in predicting the development of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort observational study
Yun‐Ru Lai, Wen‐Chan Chiu, Chih‐Cheng Huang, Ben‐Chung Cheng, I‐Hsun Yu, Chia‐Te Kung, Ting Yin Lin, Hui Ching Chiang, Chun‐En Aurea Kuo, Cheng‐Hsien Lu
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2024; 15(3): 326. CrossRef
Influence of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Shangyu Chai, Ruya Zhang, Ye Zhang, Richard David Carr, Yiman Zheng, Swapnil Rajpathak, Miao Yu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Glycemic Variability in Subjects with Diabetes and Hypogonadism during Testosterone Replacement Treatment: A Pilot Study
Giuseppe Defeudis, Ernesto Maddaloni, Giovanni Rossini, Alfonso Maria Di Tommaso, Rossella Mazzilli, Paolo Di Palma, Paolo Pozzilli, Nicola Napoli
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(18): 5333. CrossRef
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Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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European Journal of Internal Medicine.2016; 27: 37. CrossRef

Obesity and Metabolism
Associations between Dietary Acid-Base Load and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study: Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Hadise Khosravi, Fereidoun Azizi; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(2):201-207. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.2.201

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Background

In this study we investigated the associations of dietary acid-base load, identified by potential renal acid load (PRAL) and protein to potassium (Pro:K) ratio, with cardiometabolic risk factors in Tehranian adults.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the fourth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2009 to 2011) on 5,620 men and women aged 19 to 70 years. Dietary data were collected by a trained dietitian using a validated, 147-food item, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and dietary PRAL and Pro:K ratio were calculated. Multiple linear regression models with adjustment for potential confounding variables were used to evaluate the associations of dietary acid-base load with anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum creatinine, and fasting blood glucose.

Results

The mean±SD age of the participants was 39.8±12.8 years and 54% of participants were women. Mean±SD PRAL was -22.0±29.1; mean PRAL was -15.6 in men and -26.8 in women. Dietary PRAL was associated with weight (β=0.098, P<0.001), waist circumference (β=0.062, P<0.01), serum triglycerides (β=0.143, P<0.01), HDL-C (β=-0.11, P<0.01), diastolic blood pressure (β=0.062, P<0.01), and serum creatinine (β=0.142, P<0.001). Pro:K ratio was associated with weight (β=0.055, P<0.001), waist circumference (β=0.04, P<0.01), serum HDL-C (β=-0.06, P<0.01), serum triglycerides (β=0.03, P<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (β=0.026, P<0.05), and serum creatinine (β=0.07, P<0.01).

Conclusion

A more acidic dietary acid-base load may be a risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders.

Citations

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Zeinab Naeini, Faezeh Abaj, Zahra Esmaeily, Ehsan Alvandi, Masoumeh Rafiee, Fariba Koohdani
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Faezeh Abaj, Zahra Esmaeily, Zeinab Naeini, Masoumeh Rafiee, Fariba Koohdani
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Obesity and Metabolism
Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen Levels and Serological Biomarkers of Gastric Inflammation are Associated with Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Maryam Zarif-yeaganeh, Homayoun Zojaji, Fereidoun Azizi; Endocrinol Metab. 2015;30(3):280-287. Published online May 18, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.280

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Background

Helicobacter pylori infection and subsequent gastric inflammation have been proposed as risk factors for the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. In this study we assessed the possible association of H. pylori bacterial load, and serum biomarker of gastric inflammation with cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 84 H. pylori-infected type 2 diabetic patients were assessed for anthropometrics, biochemical and clinical measurements. Pearson correlation test, linear, and logarithmic regression curve estimation models were used to assess the association of H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) levels, and pepsinogen I (PGI) to pepsinogen II (PGII) ratio with fasting serum glucose, insulin, serum lipid and lipoprotein parameters, malondialdehyde, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index.

Results

The mean age of participants was 54±10 years, and 44% were men. Mean HpSAg levels and PGI/PGII ratio were 0.24±0.23 µg/mL and 9.9±9.0, respectively. Higher HpSAg as well as lower PGI/PGII was correlated with higher anthropometric measures and LAP. A significant negative correlation between PGI/PGII ratio and blood pressure (r=-0.21 and r=-0.22, systolic and diastolic, respectively, P<0.05), serum insulin (r=-0.17, P=0.05), and hs-CRP (r=-0.17, P=0.05) was observed. A significant linear association between PGI/PGII ratio with serum triglycerides (β=-0.24, P<0.05), serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β=0.43, P<0.01), and triglycerides/HDL-C ratio (β=-0.28, P<0.05) were observed.

Conclusion

Higher H. pylori bacterial load and lower PGI/PGII ratio was associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in H. pylori infected type 2 diabetic patients.

Citations

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Both diet and Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to atherosclerosis in pre- and postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys
Traci L. Testerman, Cristina Semino-Mora, Jennifer A. Cann, Beidi Qiang, Edsel A. Peña, Hui Liu, Cara H. Olsen, Haiying Chen, Susan E. Appt, Jay R. Kaplan, Thomas C. Register, D. Scott Merrell, Andre Dubois, Xianwu Cheng
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Mohamed Hasan Mukhtar, Wesam Ahmed Nasif, Abdullatif Taha Babakr
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Review Article

Thyroid
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Ye An Kim, Young Joo Park; Endocrinol Metab. 2014;29(1):20-29. Published online March 14, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2014.29.1.20

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Subclinical thyroid disease is defined biochemically by an abnormal thyrotropin (TSH) level and normal serum-free thyroxine level. The prevalence of this condition varies according to the reference range for TSH and geographic or demographic factors. Recently, several studies, including our community-based cohort studies, have reported on the incidence of subclinical thyroid disease in Korea. Using these studies, we reviewed the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical thyroid disease, focusing on subclinical hypothyroidism.

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Protective effect of a polyherbal bioactive fraction in propylthiouracil-induced thyroid toxicity in ratsby modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes
Sneha Singh, Vandana Panda, Sudhamani S., Payal Dande
Toxicology Reports.2020; 7: 730. CrossRef
Subclinical Hypothyroidism Affects the Long-Term Outcomes of Patients Who Undergo Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery but Not Heart Valve Surgery
Hana Kim, Sung Hye Kong, Jae Hoon Moon, Sang Yoon Kim, Kay-Hyun Park, Jun Sung Kim, Joong Haeng Choh, Young Joo Park, Cheong Lim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(2): 308. CrossRef
Serum FT4 / FT3 Ratio, a Predictive Biochemical Marker for Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Venkat Siddarth Chagamreddy, Malligai Elancheran, Murugavel K
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2020; 9(33): 2319. CrossRef
Importance of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in liver disease
Hyun Jin Kim
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 33(9): 1133. CrossRef
Does Hypothyroidism Increase Complications, Lengths of Stay, Readmissions, and Costs Following Primary 1- to 2-Level Lumbar Fusion?
Rushabh M. Vakharia, Joseph O. Ehiorobo, Bilal Mahmood, Martin W. Roche, Michael A. Mont, Afshin E. Razi
Clinical Spine Surgery: A Spine Publication.2020; 33(10): E559. CrossRef
Acute psychosis in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism
Sohei Kimoto, Kazuhiko Yamamuro, Toshifumi Kishimoto
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.2019; 73(6): 348. CrossRef
Screening for thyroid dysfunction and treatment of screen-detected thyroid dysfunction in asymptomatic, community-dwelling adults: a systematic review
Francesca Reyes Domingo, Marc T. Avey, Marion Doull
Systematic Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic disorders: A retrospective chart review study in an emerging university hospital
Khaled Aldossari, Sameer Al‐Ghamdi, Jamaan Al‐Zahrani, Anwar Al Jammah, Bader Alanazi, Abdulilah Al‐Briek, Mohammad Alanazi
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigation of Vitamin D Levels and Metabolic Parameters in Patients With Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Müge Keskin, Esra Ademoğlu, Arzu Or Koca, Derun Taner Ertugrul
Ankara Medical Journal.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Reference Range and Sociodemographic Characteristics of TSH among Reproductive Age Women in Rural China
Qiang Su, Shikun Zhang, Mei Hu, Qiaomei Wang, Na Liu, Haiping Shen, Yiping Zhang, Man Zhang
Biological Trace Element Research.2019; 189(2): 336. CrossRef
Subklinik Hipotiroiditli Çocuklarda Ağız Sağlığı Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi
Nuray TÜLOĞLU, Tuğçe KALİÇOĞLU, Birgül KIREL
Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research.2019; 3(3): 237. CrossRef
Association High-Iodine-Containing Seaweed Soup Consumption after Birth and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Korean Women: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2013–2015)
Hyunsam Kim, Ha Ni Lee, Jeonghoon Ha
International Journal of Thyroidology.2019; 12(2): 105. CrossRef
Graves Disease in Central Ghana: Clinical Characteristics and Associated Factors
Osei Sarfo-Kantanka, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Eunice Oparebea Ansah, Ishmael Kyei
Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes.2018; 11: 117955141875907. CrossRef
Sex differences in risk factors for subclinical hypothyroidism
Jeonghoon Ha, Jeongmin Lee, Kwanhoon Jo, Dong-Jun Lim, Moo Il Kang, Bong Yun Cha, Min-Hee Kim
Endocrine Connections.2018; 7(4): 511. CrossRef
Age-sex disparities and sub-clinical hypothyroidism among patients in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Habtamu Azene Tekle, Tesfahun Molla Bobe, Efrata Girma Tufa, Fithamlak Bisetegen Solomon
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Shinje Moon, Min Joo Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Hyung Joon Yoo, Young Joo Park
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Age- and gender-specific reference intervals of TSH and free T4 in an iodine-replete area: Data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2013–2015)
So Young Park, Hae In Kim, Hyun-Kyung Oh, Tae Hyuk Kim, Hye Won Jang, Jae Hoon Chung, Myung-Hee Shin, Sun Wook Kim, Sun Y Lee
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(2): e0190738. CrossRef
Helicobacter pylori-induced autoimmune thyroiditis: is the pathogenic link concluded or still a hypothesis?
Santhanamari Thiyagarajan, Anil M.R. Saini, Jamal Alruwaili
Reviews in Medical Microbiology.2018; 29(2): 64. CrossRef
Evaluation of Thyroid Hormone Levels and Urinary Iodine Concentrations in Koreans Based on the Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013 to 2015)
Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(2): 160. CrossRef
Transcriptome Network Analysis Reveals Aging-Related Mitochondrial and Proteasomal Dysfunction and Immune Activation in Human Thyroid
Byuri Angela Cho, Seong-Keun Yoo, Young Shin Song, Su-jin Kim, Kyu Eun Lee, Minho Shong, Young Joo Park, Jeong-Sun Seo
Thyroid.2018; 28(5): 656. CrossRef
Relation of Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Associated With Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality in Adults With High Cardiovascular Risk
Shinje Moon, Sung Hye Kong, Hoon Sung Choi, Yul Hwangbo, Moon-Kyu Lee, Jae Hoon Moon, Hak Chul Jang, Nam Han Cho, Young Joo Park
The American Journal of Cardiology.2018; 122(4): 571. CrossRef
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Coronary Revascularization After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Sung Hye Kong, Ji Won Yoon, Sang Yoon Kim, Tae Jung Oh, Kay-Hyun Park, Joong Haeng Choh, Young Joo Park, Cheong Lim
The American Journal of Cardiology.2018; 122(11): 1862. CrossRef
A Case of Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Treatment with Herbal Medicine
Dong-eun Jin, Seok-woo Kim, Hyeon-cheo Shin
The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2018; 39(4): 831. CrossRef
Cardiovascular Risk in Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Mariana Dobrescu, Diana Păun, Daniel Grigorie, Cătălina Poiană
Internal Medicine.2018; 15(3): 51. CrossRef
Association between thyroid autoimmunity and Helicobacter pylori infection
Yun Mi Choi, Tae Yong Kim, Eui Young Kim, Eun Kyung Jang, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2017; 32(2): 309. CrossRef
Effect of Marijuana Use on Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity
Sonali Malhotra, Rubina A. Heptulla, Peter Homel, Roja Motaghedi
Thyroid.2017; 27(2): 167. CrossRef
Insidious danger in childhood era's: subclinical hypothyroidism
Ayşegül Alpcan, Ayça Törel Ergür, Serkan Tursun
Ortadoğu Tıp Dergisi.2017; 9(1): 34. CrossRef
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Reference Range and Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 to 2015
Won Gu Kim, Won Bae Kim, Gyeongji Woo, Hyejin Kim, Yumi Cho, Tae Yong Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Myung-Hee Shin, Jin Woo Park, Hai-Lin Park, Kyungwon Oh, Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(1): 106. CrossRef
Thyroid diseases and risk of non-thyroidal pathology
R I Glushakov, E V Kozyrko, I V Sobolev, S A Ermolova, O V Vlaseva, A A Kuzin, N I Tapilskaya
Kazan medical journal.2017; 98(1): 77. CrossRef
Hipertiroidismo
M. Toni, J. Pineda, E. Anda, J.C. Galofré
Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado.2016; 12(13): 731. CrossRef
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Hyun Joo Lee, Seung Min Hahn, Song Lee Jin, Yoon Jung Shin, Sun Hee Kim, Yoon Sun Lee, Hyo Sun Kim, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Jung Woo Han
Yonsei Medical Journal.2016; 57(4): 915. CrossRef
Comparison of universal screening with targeted high-risk case finding for diagnosis of thyroid disorders
Sima Nazarpour, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Masoumeh Simbar, Maryam Tohidi, Hamid AlaviMajd, Fereidoun Azizi
European Journal of Endocrinology.2016; 174(1): 77. CrossRef
Association of low baseline free thyroxin levels with progression of coronary artery calcification over 4 years in euthyroid subjects: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study
Hye‐Jeong Park, Jihyun Kim, Eun Jin Han, Se Eun Park, Cheol‐Young Park, Won‐Young Lee, Ki‐Won Oh, Sung‐Woo Park, Eun‐Jung Rhee
Clinical Endocrinology.2016; 84(6): 889. CrossRef
Distinct Features of Nonthyroidal Illness in Critically Ill Patients With Infectious Diseases
Woo Kyung Lee, Sena Hwang, Daham Kim, Seul Gi Lee, Seonhyang Jeong, Mi-Youn Seol, Hyunji Kim, Cheol Ryong Ku, Dong Yeop Shin, Woong Youn Chung, Eun Jig Lee, Jandee Lee, Young Suk Jo
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Articles in 'Endocrinology and Metabolism' in 2014
Won-Young Lee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(1): 47. CrossRef
Reference interval for thyrotropin in a ultrasonography screened Korean population
Mijin Kim, Tae Yong Kim, Soo Han Kim, Yunkyoung Lee, Su-yeon Park, Hyung-don Kim, Hyemi Kwon, Yun Mi Choi, Eun Kyung Jang, Min Ji Jeon, Won Gu Kim, Young Kee Shong, Won Bae Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2015; 30(3): 335. CrossRef
Incidence and Prevalence of Overt Hypothyroidism and Causative Diseases in Korea as Determined Using Claims Data Provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service
Gi Hyeon Seo, Jae Hoon Chung
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(3): 288. CrossRef
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Cardiovascular Disease
Sunghwan Suh, Duk Kyu Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2015; 30(3): 246. CrossRef
Bone Health and Clinical Results after Hip Fracture Surgery in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Ki-Choul Kim, Young-Kyun Lee, You Jin Lee, Yong-Chan Ha, Kyung-Hoi Koo
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2014; 21(3): 213. CrossRef
Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction in the Elderly
Ki Dong Ko
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2014; 18(3): 111. CrossRef
Subclinical hypothyroidism in addition to common risk scores for prediction of cardiovascular disease: a 10-year community-based cohort study
Tae Hyuk Kim, Hoon Sung Choi, Ji Cheol Bae, Jae Hoon Moon, Hyung-Kwan Kim, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Do Joon Park, Kyong Soo Park, Hak Chul Jang, Moon-Kyu Lee, Nam H Cho, Young Joo Park
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