Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Participants
Characteristic |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Number |
2,900 (100) |
2,078 (71.7) |
822 (28.3) |
Age, yr |
44.3±6.5 |
44.3±6.2 |
43.6±6.3 |
Diabetes development |
101 (3.5) |
89 (3.06) |
12 (0.41) |
Glucose, mg/dL |
95.7±8.7 |
96.8±8.8 |
93.0±7.9 |
HOMA-IR |
2.09±0.88 |
2.15±0.94 |
1.97±0.73 |
TC, mg/dL |
194.5±33.3 |
196.3±33.3 |
189.8±32.9 |
TG, mg/dL |
133.1±84.0 |
148.4±90.0 |
94.4±48.5 |
Percent body fat, % |
16.3±4.6 |
16.3±4.6 |
16.5±4.7 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.8±2.9 |
24.4±2.6 |
22.0±2.7 |
WC, cm |
80.9±9.0 |
84.2±7.3 |
72.4±7.5 |
WHtR, cm/cm |
0.48±0.04 |
0.49±0.04 |
0.45±0.05 |
Hypertensiona
|
1,386 (47.8) |
1,200 (41.4) |
186 (6.4) |
Smoking |
2,845 (98.1) |
1,486 (51.2) |
31 (1.17) |
Alcohol consumption |
307 (10.6) |
298 (10.3) |
9 (0.3) |
Vigorous exercise |
647 (22.3) |
430 (14.8) |
217 (7.5) |
Table 2Comparison of Baseline Characteristics according to the Development of Diabetes after 4 Years
Characteristic |
Total |
Men |
Women |
Developed diabetes |
Not developed diabetes |
P value |
Developed diabetes |
Not developed diabetes |
P value |
Developed diabetes |
Not developed diabetes |
P value |
Number |
101 (3.5) |
2,799 (96.5) |
|
89 (3.06) |
1,989 (68.59) |
|
12 (0.41) |
810 (27.93) |
|
Age, yr |
47.1±6.7 |
44.2±6.5 |
<0.001 |
47.1±7.0 |
44.3±6.1 |
<0.001 |
47.0±5.3 |
43.1±6.1 |
0.093 |
Glucose, mg/dL |
108.76±9.57 |
95.23±8.34 |
<0.001 |
109.01±9.68 |
96.22±8.40 |
<0.001 |
106.92±8.87 |
92.79±7.66 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
2.79±1.21 |
2.07±0.86 |
<0.001 |
2.84±1.24 |
2.12±0.91 |
<0.001 |
2.37±0.93 |
1.96±0.72 |
0.030 |
TC, mg/dL |
209.84±45.42 |
193.92±32.63 |
<0.001 |
209.50±45.20 |
195.73±32.50 |
0.005 |
212.25±48.93 |
189.48±32.52 |
0.136 |
TG, mg/dL |
175.12±117.32 |
131.58±82.22 |
<0.001 |
182.6±122.0 |
146.9±88.0 |
<0.001 |
119.9±45.9 |
94.1±48.4 |
0.066 |
Body fat, % |
18.86±4.59 |
16.26±4.58 |
<0.001 |
18.58±4.34 |
16.78±4.57 |
<0.001 |
20.98±5.92 |
16.49±4.60 |
0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
25.8±2.8 |
23.7±2.8 |
<0.001 |
25.9±2.6 |
24.4±2.6 |
<0.001 |
24.6±3.4 |
22.0±2.7 |
0.110 |
WC, cm |
86.8±7.2 |
80.65±9.0 |
<0.001 |
88.0±2.6 |
84.0±7.2 |
<0.001 |
77.3±7.1 |
72.4±7.5 |
0.180 |
WHtR, cm/cm |
0.52±0.04 |
0.48±0.05 |
<0.001 |
0.52±0.04 |
0.49±0.04 |
<0.001 |
0.48±0.05 |
0.45±0.05 |
0.005 |
Hypertensiona |
68 (2.3) |
1,318 (45.4) |
<0.001 |
65 (2.24) |
1,135 (39.14) |
0.003 |
3 (0.10) |
183 (6.31) |
0.739 |
Smoking |
71 (2.4) |
1,446 (49.9) |
<0.001 |
71 (2.45) |
1,415 (48.79) |
0.099 |
0 |
31 (1.07) |
1.000 |
Alcohol consumption |
15 (0.5) |
292 (10) |
0.156 |
15 (0.52) |
283 (9.76) |
0.489 |
0 |
9 (0.31) |
1.000 |
Vigorous exercise |
30 (1) |
617 (21.3) |
0.069 |
24 (0.83) |
406 (14) |
0.135 |
6 (0.21) |
211 (7.28) |
0.920 |
Table 3Cut-off Value, Sensitivity, Specificity, and AUC of Each Anthropometric Index for the Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes
|
Men |
Women |
Total |
Cut-off value |
Sensitivity, % |
Specificity, % |
AUC (95% CI) |
Cut-off value |
Sensitivity, % |
Specificity, % |
AUC (95% CI) |
Cut-off value |
Sensitivity, % |
Specificity, % |
AUC (95% CI) |
WHtR, cm/cm |
0.51 |
64 |
64.8 |
0.697 (0.644–0.749) |
0.43 |
100 |
38 |
0.679 (0.554–0.803) |
0.51 |
60.4 |
74.2 |
0.716 (0.669–0.763) |
BMI, kg/m2
|
26.1 |
50.6 |
75.9 |
0.66 (0.602–0.718) |
23 |
66.7 |
69.8 |
0.725 (0.578–0.817) |
26.1 |
48.5 |
80.6 |
0.7 (0.651–0.750) |
WC, cm |
86.5 |
67.4 |
63.1 |
0.668 (0.615–0.722) |
71.8 |
83.3 |
51 |
0.691 (0.571–0.812) |
86.5 |
60.4 |
72.5 |
0.702 (0.655–0.750) |
Table 4Multilogistic Regression Analysis with the Development of Diabetes as the Dependent Variable
Variable |
Odds ratio |
95% CI |
P value |
BMI, kg/m2
|
1.65 |
0.90–3.05 |
0.11 |
WC, cm |
1.96 |
1.10–3.49 |
0.02 |
WHtR, cm/cm |
1.95 |
1.14–3.34 |
0.02 |