Fig. 1Study protocol. DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis.
Fig. 2(A) Age and (B) sex distributions.
Fig. 3Precipitating factors.
Table 1Demographic Characteristics of the Patients
Characteristic |
Discharged (n=189) |
Deceased (n=81) |
χ2 value |
P value |
Age, yr |
|
|
5.98 |
0.112 |
≤20 |
39 (20.6) |
15 (18.5) |
20–40 |
78 (41.3) |
15 (18.5) |
40–60 |
48 (25.4) |
39 (48.1) |
>60 |
24 (12.7) |
12 (14.8) |
Sex |
|
|
20.34 |
<0.001 |
Female |
63 (33.3) |
69 (85.2) |
Male |
126 (66.7) |
12 (14.8) |
Table 2Associations of Final Outcome with Clinical Characteristics
Characteristic |
Discharged (n=189) |
Deceased (n=81) |
χ2/t value |
P value |
SBP, mm Hg |
110.86±16.60 |
89.85±21.28 |
5.04 |
<0.001 |
DBP, mm Hg |
67.24±11.81 |
54.07±13.23 |
4.67 |
<0.001 |
T1DM |
|
|
4.23 |
0.040 |
No |
95 (50.3) |
60 (74) |
Yes |
94 (49.7) |
21 (26) |
T2DM |
|
|
3.98 |
0.046 |
No |
94 (49.7) |
21 (26) |
Yes |
95 (50.3) |
60 (74) |
CVA |
|
|
1.79 |
0.180 |
No |
177 (93.7) |
81 (100.0) |
Yes |
12 (6.3) |
0 |
CAD |
|
|
0.25 |
0.616 |
No |
180 (95.2) |
75 (92.6) |
Yes |
9 (4.8) |
6 (7.4) |
HTN |
|
|
1.89 |
0.169 |
No |
165 (88.9) |
63 (77.8) |
Yes |
21 (11.1) |
18 (22.2) |
History of treatment |
|
|
0.04 |
0.843 |
Yes (insulin or OHA) |
129 (68.3) |
57 (70.4) |
No (newly diagnosed DM) |
60 (31.7) |
24 (29.6) |
GCS (score) |
|
|
5.16 |
0.076 |
Mild (GCS 12–15) |
102 (54.0) |
24 (29.6) |
Moderate (GCS 9–12) |
27 (14.3) |
12 (14.8) |
Severe (GCS 3–9) |
60 (31.7) |
45 (55.6) |
APACHE II, score |
14.83±5.95 |
25.00±9.74 |
6.08 |
<0.001 |
Table 3Associations between Continuous Biochemical Profiles and Final Outcome
Variable |
Discharged (n=189) |
Deceased (n=81) |
t value |
P value |
Hemoglobin, g/dL |
11.09±2.80 |
10.59±2.76 |
0.78 |
0.437 |
Platelet count |
2.15±1.29 |
2.23±1.26 |
0.27 |
0.789 |
Hematocrit, % |
42.73±9.81 |
42.24±12.34 |
0.20 |
0.840 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % |
11.85±3.38 |
12.12±2.87 |
0.37 |
0.716 |
Serum urea, mg/dL |
59.17±35.83 |
111.32±66.61 |
4.82 |
<0.001 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL |
1.51±0.80 |
2.41±1.29 |
4.04 |
<0.001 |
Serum sodium, mmol/L |
124.41±11.65 |
123.41±14.90 |
0.34 |
0.732 |
Serum potassium, mmol/L |
4.88±1.38 |
5.00±1.46 |
0.38 |
0.702 |
Serum calcium (total), mmol/L |
2.09±0.22 |
2.01±0.21 |
1.54 |
0.127 |
Serum calcium (ionic), mmol/L |
0.77±0.22 |
0.83±0.19 |
1.33 |
0.187 |
Serum magnesium, mg/dL |
2.18±0.45 |
2.51±0.53 |
3.04 |
0.003 |
Serum phosphate, mg/dL |
4.38±3.07 |
6.04±2.73 |
2.43 |
0.017 |
CRP, mg/dL |
52.55±58.56 |
68.63±60.55 |
1.18 |
0.241 |
T3, nmol/L |
1.15±0.38 |
1.23±0.56 |
0.76 |
0.448 |
T4, nmol/L |
72.89±34.18 |
75.54±36.24 |
0.33 |
0.742 |
TSH |
3.69±13.99 |
2.41±3.58 |
0.47 |
0.640 |
Serum cholesterol, mg/dL |
146.33±57.86 |
136.99±66.33 |
0.67 |
0.504 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL |
243.92±142.45 |
232.85±150.78 |
0.33 |
0.741 |
Serum HDL-C, mg/dL |
37.93±15.40 |
35.96±13.07 |
0.58 |
0.564 |
Serum LDL-C, mg/dL |
65.76±34.31 |
62.37±31.40 |
0.44 |
0.661 |
Serum VLDL, mg/dL |
44.63±25.38 |
43.72±27.26 |
0.15 |
0.880 |
Serum bilirubin, mg/dL |
0.70±0.69 |
0.80±1.51 |
0.43 |
0.666 |
SGOT, IU/L |
55.43±74.95 |
166.78±212.03 |
3.69 |
<0.001 |
SGPT, IU/L |
49.05±61.06 |
122.26±177.51 |
2.91 |
0.005 |
SALP, IU/L |
208.12±126.77 |
198.81±91.18 |
0.34 |
0.731 |
Serum protein, gm/dL |
6.21±0.97 |
5.94±0.99 |
1.20 |
0.234 |
Serum albumin, gm/dL |
3.37±0.83 |
2.79±0.61 |
3.31 |
0.001 |
Table 4Associations between Categorical Biochemical Profiles and Final Outcome
Variable |
Discharged (n=189) |
Deceased (n=81) |
χ2 value |
P value |
RBS (random), mg/dL |
|
|
0.95 |
0.329 |
≤500 |
57 (30.2) |
33 (40.7) |
>500 |
132 (69.8) |
48 (59.3) |
pH |
|
|
1.37 |
0.504 |
<7.10 |
96 (50.8) |
39 (48.1) |
7.10–7.25 |
30 (15.9) |
21 (25.9) |
>7.25 |
63 (33.3) |
21 (25.9) |
Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L |
|
|
0.67 |
0.715 |
<10 |
141 (74.6) |
54 (66.7) |
10–15 |
24 (12.7) |
15 (18.5) |
16–18 |
24 (12.7) |
12 (14.8) |
TLC |
|
|
13.71 |
<0.001 |
≤16,000 |
129 (68.3) |
21 (25.9) |
>16,000 |
60 (31.7) |
60 (74.1) |
Serum lipase, IU/L |
|
|
5.77 |
0.056 |
<300 |
156 (82.5) |
48 (59.3) |
300–900 |
18 (9.5) |
21 (25.9) |
>900 |
15 (7.9) |
12 (14.8) |
Serum osmolality, Osm/mL |
|
|
7.34 |
0.025 |
<300 |
54 (28.6) |
27 (33.3) |
300–320 |
81 (42.9) |
12 (14.8) |
>320 |
54 (28.6) |
42 (51.9) |
Table 5Predictors of Final Outcome by Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis
Predictor |
Coefficient |
SE of coefficient |
Z value |
P value |
OR (95% CI) |
Male sexa
|
2.07 |
1.06 |
1.95 |
0.041 |
7.93 (3.99–13.51) |
T1DM, yesb
|
0.88 |
1.42 |
0.62 |
0.535 |
2.42 (0.15–9.49) |
T2DM, yesb
|
–1.24 |
1.33 |
0.94 |
0.349 |
0.29 (0.02–3.89) |
SBP |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.59 |
0.557 |
1.03 (0.93–1.14) |
DBP |
0.02 |
0.08 |
0.20 |
0.842 |
1.02 (0.87–1.18) |
TLC |
–0.00 |
0.00 |
0.47 |
0.635 |
1.00 (0.86–1.11) |
APACHE II score |
–0.15 |
0.09 |
1.67 |
0.036 |
2.86 (1.72–7.03) |
BUN |
–0.03 |
0.02 |
1.57 |
0.117 |
0.97 (0.94–1.21) |
Serum creatinine |
0.82 |
0.60 |
1.36 |
0.175 |
2.27 (0.70–7.38) |
Serum magnesium |
–0.79 |
1.12 |
0.71 |
0.480 |
0.45 (0.05–4.09) |
Serum phosphate |
–0.34 |
0.17 |
2.01 |
0.044 |
2.71 (1.51–6.99) |
Serum osmolality |
0.02 |
0.01 |
1.49 |
0.137 |
1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
SGOT |
–0.00 |
0.00 |
0.55 |
0.579 |
1.00 (0.99–1.20) |
SGPT |
0.01 |
0.01 |
1.02 |
0.308 |
1.01 (0.99–1.22) |
Serum albumin |
0.07 |
0.71 |
0.10 |
0.923 |
1.07 (0.27–4.32) |