1. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1526-1540.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
2. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Murad MH, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, et al. Treatment of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:2807-2831.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
3. Olumide YM, Akinkugbe AO, Altraide D, Mohammed T, Ahamefule N, Ayanlowo S, et al. Complications of chronic use of skin lightening cosmetics. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:344-353.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
4. Maneli MH, Wiesner L, Tinguely C, Davids LM, Spengane Z, Smith P, et al. Combinations of potent topical steroids, mercury and hydroquinone are common in internationally manufactured skin-lightening products: a spectroscopic study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2016;41:196-201.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
5. Peltzer K, Pengpid S, James C. The globalization of whitening: prevalence of skin lighteners (or bleachers) use and its social correlates among university students in 26 countries. Int J Dermatol 2016;55:165-172.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
6. Chong YK, Ching CK, Ng SW, Mak TW. Corticosteroid adulteration in proprietary Chinese medicines: a recurring problem. Hong Kong Med J 2015;21:411-416.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
7. Kidambi S, Raff H, Findling JW. Limitations of nocturnal salivary cortisol and urine free cortisol in the diagnosis of mild Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;157:725-731.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
8. Baid SK, Rubino D, Sinaii N, Ramsey S, Frank A, Nieman LK. Specificity of screening tests for Cushing's syndrome in an overweight and obese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3857-3864.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
9. Miller R, Plessow F, Rauh M, Groschl M, Kirschbaum C. Comparison of salivary cortisol as measured by different immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013;38:50-57.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
10. Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, Isidori AM, Akker SA, Drake WM, Chew SL, et al. The prevalence and characteristic features of cyclicity and variability in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:1011-1018.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
11. Atkinson B, Mullan KR. What is the best approach to suspected cyclical Cushing syndrome? Strategies for managing Cushing's syndrome with variable laboratory data. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:27-30.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
12. Mericq MV, Cutler GB Jr. High fluid intake increases urine free cortisol excretion in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:682-684.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
13. Chan KC, Lit LC, Law EL, Tai MH, Yung CU, Chan MH, et al. Diminished urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. Clin Chem 2004;50:757-759.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
14. Findling JW, Raff H, Aron DC. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test: a reevaluation in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1222-1226.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
15. Valassi E, Swearingen B, Lee H, Nachtigall LB, Donoho DA, Klibanski A, et al. Concomitant medication use can confound interpretation of the combined dexamethasone-corticotropin releasing hormone test in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:4851-4859.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC] [PDF]
16. Raff H, Raff JL, Duthie EH, Wilson CR, Sasse EA, Rudman I, et al. Elevated salivary cortisol in the evening in healthy elderly men and women: correlation with bone mineral density. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54:M479-M483.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
17. Liu H, Bravata DM, Cabaccan J, Raff H, Ryzen E. Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;63:642-649.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
18. Luger A, Deuster PA, Kyle SB, Gallucci WT, Montgomery LC, Gold PW, et al. Acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill exercise. Physiologic adaptations to physical training. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1309-1315.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
19. Biller BM, Federoff HJ, Koenig JI, Klibanski A. Abnormal cortisol secretion and responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:311-317.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
20. Lindsay JR, Nieman LK. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev 2005;26:775-799.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
21. Kritikou I, Basta M, Vgontzas AN, Pejovic S, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Liao D, et al. Sleep apnoea and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in men and women: effects of continuous positive airway pressure. Eur Respir J 2016;47:531-540.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
22. Besemer F, Pereira AM, Smit JW. Alcohol-induced Cushing syndrome. Hypercortisolism caused by alcohol abuse. Neth J Med 2011;69:318-323.
[PUBMED]
23. Alwani RA, Schmit Jongbloed LW, de Jong FH, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Feelders RA. Differentiating between Cushing's disease and pseudo-Cushing's syndrome: comparison of four tests. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;170:477-486.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
24. Sarlis NJ, Chanock SJ, Nieman LK. Cortisolemic indices predict severe infections in Cushing syndrome due to ectopic production of adrenocorticotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:42-47.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
25. Clayton RN, Jones PW, Reulen RC, Stewart PM, Hassan-Smith ZK, Ntali G, et al. Mortality in patients with Cushing's disease more than 10 years after remission: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:569-576.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
26. Lacroix A, Feelders RA, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2015;386:913-927.
[CROSSREF]
27. Creemers SG, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW, Feelders RA. Cushing's syndrome: an update on current pharmacotherapy and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015;16:1829-1844.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
28. Fleseriu M, Biller BM, Findling JW, Molitch ME, Schteingart DE, Gross C, et al. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2039-2049.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
29. Bertagna X, Pivonello R, Fleseriu M, Zhang Y, Robinson P, Taylor A, et al. LCI699, a potent 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, normalizes urinary cortisol in patients with Cushing's disease: results from a multicenter, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:1375-1383.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
30. Fleseriu M, Pivonello R, Young J, Hamrahian AH, Molitch ME, Shimizu C, et al. Osilodrostat, a potent oral 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor: 22-week, prospective, phase II study in Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2016;19:138-148.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
31. van der Pas R, Hofland LJ, Hofland J, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Steenbergen J, et al. Fluconazole inhibits human adrenocortical steroidogenesis in vitro. J Endocrinol 2012;215:403-412.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
32. Riedl M, Maier C, Zettinig G, Nowotny P, Schima W, Luger A. Long term control of hypercortisolism with fluconazole: case report and in vitro studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:519-524.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
33. Pivonello R, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, Findling JW, Gu F, Maldonado M, et al. Pasireotide treatment significantly improves clinical signs and symptoms in patients with Cushing's disease: results from a phase III study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;81:408-417.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
34. Colao A, Petersenn S, Newell-Price J, Findling JW, Gu F, Maldonado M, et al. A 12-month phase 3 study of pasireotide in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:914-924.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
35. Godbout A, Manavela M, Danilowicz K, Beauregard H, Bruno OD, Lacroix A. Cabergoline monotherapy in the long-term treatment of Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;163:709-716.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
36. Barbot M, Albiger N, Ceccato F, Zilio M, Frigo AC, Denaro L, et al. Combination therapy for Cushing's disease: effectiveness of two schedules of treatment: should we start with cabergoline or ketoconazole? Pituitary 2014;17:109-117.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
37. Vilar L, Naves LA, Azevedo MF, Arruda MJ, Arahata CM, Moura E, et al. Effectiveness of cabergoline in monotherapy and combined with ketoconazole in the management of Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2010;13:123-129.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PDF]
38. Paez-Pereda M, Kovalovsky D, Hopfner U, Theodoropoulou M, Pagotto U, Uhl E, et al. Retinoic acid prevents experimental Cushing syndrome. J Clin Invest 2001;108:1123-1131.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED] [PMC]
39. Pecori Giraldi F, Ambrogio AG, Andrioli M, Sanguin F, Karamouzis I, Corsello SM, et al. Potential role for retinoic acid in patients with Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:3577-3583.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
40. van der Pas R, Leebeek FW, Hofland LJ, de Herder WW, Feelders RA. Hypercoagulability in Cushing's syndrome: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78:481-488.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
41. Kamenicky P, Droumaguet C, Salenave S, Blanchard A, Jublanc C, Gautier JF, et al. Mitotane, metyrapone, and ketoconazole combination therapy as an alternative to rescue adrenalectomy for severe ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:2796-2804.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]
42. Corcuff JB, Young J, Masquefa-Giraud P, Chanson P, Baudin E, Tabarin A. Rapid control of severe neoplastic hypercortisolism with metyrapone and ketoconazole. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;172:473-481.
[CROSSREF] [PUBMED]