INTRODUCTION

Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) have shown efficacy in lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in the setting of primary and secondary prevention [12]. Given the major contribution of cardiovascular events to morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, high-intensity statins are recommended for patients with diabetes [34]. However, individuals with diabetes have substantial residual cardiovascular risk, even when receiving statin therapy, leading to an unmet need for additional lipid-modifying strategies [5].

Ezetimibe, a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption, leading to the reduction of circulating cholesterol levels via a distinct mechanism from that of statins [67]. A large randomized controlled trial (RCT), the Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial (IMPROVE-IT), demonstrated the efficacy of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy on the reduction of cholesterol levels and major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) in patients who had recently experienced a myocardial infarction [8]. Notably, in a subgroup analysis, the beneficial effect of ezetimibe added to statins on MACEs was more prominent in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes [8]. Results from another large, placebo-controlled trial investigating the efficacy of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy in reducing cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients also found a similar preferential effect of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy in patients with diabetes [9]. Given the high residual cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes who are receiving treatment, these findings suggest that ezetimibe might provide additional benefits for preventing cardiovascular events, particularly in patients with diabetes. However, this potential differential effect of ezetimibe according to presence of diabetes has not been assessed as a primary outcome in pooled results from RCTs.

In this meta-analysis, we compared the effect of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy on MACEs to that of statins alone or placebo in patients with and without diabetes, based on the pooled results of RCTs.

METHODS

Data sources, search strategy, and selection criteria

We conducted a meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [10]. Relevant studies were identified by searching the following data sources: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and the Central Controlled Trials Register of the Cochrane Collaboration (from 1994 to December 2016). The following text words and medical subject headings were used without language restriction: “ezetimibe,” “ezetimibe-simvastatin drug combination,” “simvastatin,” “pravastatin,” “lovastatin,” “atorvastatin,” “rosuvastatin,” “fluvastatin,” “pitavastatin,” and “hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors.” The reference lists of identified studies were also scanned to find potentially relevant studies. Two independent authors (Y.H.L and N.H.) performed the literature search, data extraction, and quality assessment with a standardized method, and a third reviewer (E.S.K.) adjudicated any discrepancies. Quality assessment was done using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials (Supplemental Fig. S1) [11]. This study was approved by Institutional Review Board of Severance Hospital, Yonsei University (no. 4-2015-0637).

Data extraction and quality assessment

Standard information was extracted from published reports and unpublished data obtained from investigators into a spreadsheet. We requested and received data using a formal question sheet for trials with unpublished information. We collected data on the number of randomized patients and the occurrence of MACEs in each ezetimibe and comparator group in the overall participants, as well as in subgroups divided by the presence of diabetes. Mean age, body mass index, follow-up duration, and the difference in the decrease of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration between the ezetimibe and control groups during the study were tabulated for each study.

Statistical analysis

Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from the event numbers, with the total number of patients as the denominator for individual studies. Heterogeneity across studies was estimated using the I² statistic [12]. I² values ranging from 0% to 40% were regarded as indicating no important heterogeneity; moderate, substantial, and considerable heterogeneity were defined as I² values ranging from 30% to 60%, 50% to 90%, and 75% to 100%, respectively [13]. Weighted pooled treatment effects were obtained with a random-effects model to provide a more conservative assessment of the average effect size. The heterogeneity of the pooled effect between subgroups was calculated using the Cochran Q statistic, with the following formula: Q=Σ[(1/variance of individual study)×(effect of individual study−effect of pooled study)]², where variance of individual study=[(upper limit−lower limit)/(2×z)]² [14]. A funnel plot with symmetry testing by the Egger linear regression method was used to test for potential publication bias [15]. Sensitivity analyses were performed by repeating analyses while removing one study at a time using the ‘metaninf’ command (STATA). Analyses confined to statin-controlled trials were also performed, with the exclusion of placebo-controlled trials. Random-effects meta-regression models with inverse variance weighting were built to assess whether the presence of diabetes explained the variance in the estimated RR for MACEs observed between trials. Two-sided P values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed with STATA version 14.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA).

RESULTS

Characteristics of trials

Among the 13,220 identified records, 347 randomized, placebo or statin-controlled endpoint trials of ezetimibe were screened (Fig. 1). Studies were included if they were completed RCTs comparing the effects of adding ezetimibe to any statin or placebo on the incidence of MACEs and if they reported the clinical outcomes in participants stratified by the presence of diabetes. We also contacted investigators from eight potentially relevant trials about unpublished data for incident MACEs in participants stratified by diabetes, and received and included data from five of those trials. Finally, a total of seven studies, two with published data [89] and five with previously unpublished data that had not been analysed until our request [1617181920], were included in the meta-analysis. The included studies enrolled 28,191 patients (7,298 with diabetes [25.9%]) with stable angina, recent acute coronary syndrome, chronic kidney disease, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, or hypercholesterolemia (Table 1). The mean age of study subjects was 63.6 years and 75.1% were men. The mean follow-up duration of the studies was approximately 5 years, according to the weighted average. The prevalence of diabetes varied from 22.6% to 49.7%. Only one study, the Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP) trial, was a placebo-controlled study (vs. an ezetimibe-simvastatin combination), whereas other trials included statin users as the control group. A greater LDL-C reduction (%) was shown in the ezetimibe and statin combination group than in the control group (statins or placebo), regardless of differences in the intensity and doses in the statin-controlled trials.

Outcome analysis

Fig. 2 shows the pooled association of ezetimibe combination therapy with MACE risk according to the presence of diabetes. No significant heterogeneity was observed across the trials (I²=14.7%, P=0.293). In the included patients, a total of 6,581 MACEs occurred during follow-up. The definitions of MACEs were generally consistent among studies. Fig. 2A shows that the association of ezetimibe combination therapy with a lower MACE risk was greater in the pooled RR from subgroups with diabetes (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.91) than in the pooled RR from subgroups without diabetes (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.02; P_{heterogeneity}=0.012). A similar result was observed when the placebo-controlled study (SHARP) was excluded from the pooled analysis (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.94 vs. RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.03; P_{heterogeneity}=0.022) (Fig. 2B), indicating a statistically significant difference between the two pooled RRs (in the diabetes and no diabetes groups).

When all included trials were analysed by meta-regression, there was a trend toward a greater MACE risk reduction by ezetimibe combination therapy when added to statins in patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes (β=0.89; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.06; P=0.203). When the placebo-controlled study was excluded from the analysis, ezetimibe-statin combination therapy was associated with a greater reduction of MACE risk in subjects with diabetes than in those without diabetes compared with statin monotherapy (β=0.87; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.99; P=0.038).

Data on cancer incidence were available in three studies (Kouvelos, SHARP, and IMPROVE-IT) (Supplemental Fig. S2). The pooled RR for cancer incidence was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.94 to 1.09; P=0.794), indicating no difference between the ezetimibe and control groups.

Sensitivity analysis

In the sensitivity analysis (Table 2), the meta-analyses were repeated after removing one study at a time. Omitting individual trials did not significantly affect the pooled risk, and the risk reduction by ezetimibe combination therapy in the diabetes group remained robust even after removal of the largest trial (subanalysis excluding the IMPROVE-IT trial: [RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92 vs. RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.91; P=0.372 in the diabetes subgroup]; [RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.97 vs. RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.02; P=0.278 in the non-diabetes subgroups]). However, the difference between the pooled RRs in the diabetes and non-diabetes groups did not reach statistical significance when the IMPROVE-IT trial was excluded (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.93 in the diabetes subgroup vs. RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.97 in the non-diabetes group; P_{heterogeneity}=0.460), although a nominally consistent pattern was observed with the pooled results of the studies overall.

Publication bias

A funnel plot and Egger test of the studies did not reveal any evidence of underlying publication bias for reporting MACEs (Supplemental Fig. S3).

DISCUSSION

In this meta-analysis of seven RCTs, we found a differential association of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy on MACE risk according to the presence of diabetes. Compared with statins alone, ezetimibe combination therapy reduced the risk of MACEs. The benefit of ezetimibe combination therapy was more prominent in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes.

Recent reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs, including the IMPROVE-IT study, showed that ezetimibe was likely associated with a reduction of the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, without affecting the risk of overall or cardiovascular mortality or newly-developed cancer [2122]. However, published reviews reported marginal cardiovascular benefits of ezetimibe when ezetimibe was added to statins for reducing nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke (17 fewer myocardial infarctions and six fewer strokes per 1,000 persons treated over 6 years) [21222324]. This uncertainty is reflected in the absence of a consensus regarding ezetimibe in international guidelines. The 2013 treatment guidelines of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) focused on statin monotherapy and did not suggest considering second-line drugs, including ezetimibe, as a treatment option based on a lack of strong evidence [4]. However, European and Korean guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia permit the use of ezetimibe as a second-line therapy in association with statins when the therapeutic goal is not met despite maximal tolerated statin doses or in subjects intolerant to statins [2526]. In line with newer evidence, the 2016 AHA/ACC updates on cholesterol treatment commented that second-line cholesterol-lowering drugs can be used to meet LDL-C treatment targets, at least in limited circumstances [27]. Given the current evidence of the ability of ezetimibe to prevent cardiovascular events, it is important to identify the specific populations that might benefit the most from ezetimibe. However, no reviews or meta-analyses have primarily focused on the differential effect of ezetimibe according to the presence of diabetes. In this study, the pooled results of RCTs with a statin control arm showed that patients with diabetes experienced a greater benefit from ezetimibe-statin combination therapy than patients without diabetes, indicating that the presence of diabetes might be a potential indication for adding ezetimibe to the therapeutic regimen of patients with high residual risk.

Several biological and clinical findings support the beneficial effect of ezetimibe in diabetes. Patients with a higher risk of cardiovascular events experience greater benefits when ezetimibe is added to statins, as shown in a previous review [22]. Patients with diabetes are more likely to have a higher cardiovascular risk at baseline than patients without diabetes, which might lead to ezetimibe exerting a positive effect in patients with diabetes [8]. Furthermore, pathologic enhancement of NPC1L1 expression, a direct target of ezetimibe, has been reported in patients with diabetes [2829]. Indeed, ezetimibe was associated with greater decreases in LDL-C and non-high density cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes than in those without diabetes [3031]. In addition to its favourable effects on the lipid profile of individuals with diabetes, ezetimibe combination therapy was associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity and plasma adiponectin levels compared with statin monotherapy in patients with diabetes [32]. In the Plaque Regression With Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor or Synthesis Inhibitor Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound Study (PRECISE-IVUS) trial, which was included in this analysis, the greater reduction of atherosclerotic plaque progression by ezetimibe could not be entirely explained by its cholesterol-lowering effects [20]. Anti-inflammatory effects, reduction of the plant sterol ratio, inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, and antiplatelet effects have been proposed as potential mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular benefit of ezetimibe [33343536]. Taken together, these pieces of evidence suggest that ezetimibe combination therapy might have a protective effect on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, possibly through its lipid-lowering effects or through a pleiotropic effect; however, the mechanisms of the effects of ezetimibe must be confirmed in further studies.

Concerns regarding increased cancer-related mortality associated with ezetimibe use have been raised. According to a pooled analysis of three large trials (Simvastatin in Aortic Stenosis [SEAS], SHARP, and IMPROVE-IT), ezetimibe use was associated with a nominally increased risk of cancer-related mortality (risk ratio, 1.45; 99% CI, 1.02 to 2.05; uncorrected P=0.007) [3738]. However, the authors argued that this result might have been due to chance, rather than being a true finding, because a parallel increase in the cancer incidence was not found in the combined analysis. In our study, we also observed no association of ezetimibe use with cancer incidence when SHARP, IMPROVE-IT, and the study by Kouvelos et al. [18] were pooled together, similarly to the meta-analysis performed by Savarese et al. [21]. Although monitoring for mortality due to cancer should be continued in large prospective trials, our findings support the current consensus that ezetimibe is most likely not associated with an increased risk of cancer incidence.

Our study is limited by the small number of eligible RCTs, with a single study representing the majority of enrolled patients. Although we intentionally only analysed RCTs to minimize heterogeneity, it is possible that excluding observational studies with large numbers of subjects and longer follow-up durations might have led to an underestimation of the effect size of ezetimibe. Surrogate outcomes were not analysed in this study. Although we analysed LDL-C levels according to the treatment groups, we could not obtain changes in the LDL-C level for each study stratified by diabetes. A composite endpoint, MACEs, was analysed instead of individual outcomes due to the lack of data stratified by the presence of diabetes, although the scope of this study was to evaluate the heterogeneity of the effects of ezetimibe on cardiovascular events between individuals with diabetes and those without diabetes. The studies that remained after excluding the SHARP and the IMPROVE-IT trials in our study might have been underpowered for detecting a significant additive cardioprotective effect of ezetimibe combination therapy between the diabetes and non-diabetes groups. Meanwhile, a previous meta-analysis of the effects of ezetimibe emphasized that including large studies such as SHARP or IMPROVE-IT in the pooled outcome analyses led to a significantly larger sample of patients, with greater representativeness of real-world patients, when compared to a meta-analysis performed without the results from large trials [2123]. Furthermore, our study provided a comparison of the pooled risk of cardiovascular outcomes between diabetes and no diabetes groups, based on data that were collected by direct contact. Therefore, we believe that this analysis contributes some novel information on the interaction of the effects of ezetimibe with the presence of diabetes, although further prospective trials are needed to validate this possibility.

In conclusion, the pooled results of RCTs showed that ezetimibe was associated with a greater reduction of MACEs in patients with diabetes than in those without diabetes. This differential effect of ezetimibe was robust across the trials. Given the current evidence regarding ezetimibe as a second-line lipid-lowering agent, ezetimibe-statin combination therapy might provide a feasible treatment option to combat residual cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes who are intolerant or refractory to statin therapy.

Acknowledgements

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was financially supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (MEST, Basic Research Promotion Fund; NRF-2010-013-E0008 and NRF-2012000891 to Eun Seok Kang), by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF, Korea, MSIP (2016R1A2B4013029), the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (No. HI14C2476) and the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health, Czech Republic (IGA NT13224-4/2012). This study was supported by the Korean Endocrine Society of KES Research Award 2017.

The authors are grateful to Hye Sun Lee, PhD and Ji Eun Moon, PhD (Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for statistical consultation and to Dong-Su Jang (Medical Illustrator, Medical Research Support Section, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea) for his help with the figures.

Article information

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS: All authors had full access to all of the data in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Designed the study and wrote the protocol: N.H., Y.H.L., E.S.K. Supervised data collection and synthesis: E.S.K. Wrote the report and final draft of the manuscript: Y.H.L., N.H. Wrote the search strategy and undertook the literature search: K.H. Undertook all data analysis: Y.H.L., N.H. Undertook title screening, data gathering, cleaning and advised on methods, statistical analyses, and interpretation of the findings: K.T., J.A.G., C.M.K., T.K., G.N.K., H.S., C.J.L., S.H.P., B. W.L., B.S.C. Contributed equally to this work: N.H., Y.H.L. Guarantor: E.S.K. All authors contributed to the final manuscript.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

References

• 1. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267–1278. ArticlePubMed
• 2. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376:1670–1681. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 3. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S. Dysglycaemia and risk of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1996;347:949–950. ArticlePubMed
• 4. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889–2934. PubMed
• 5. ACCORD Study Group. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR 3rd, Leiter LA, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563–1574. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 6. Park SW. Intestinal and hepatic niemann-pick c1-like 1. Diabetes Metab J 2013;37:240–248. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 7. Sudhop T, Lutjohann D, Kodal A, Igel M, Tribble DL, Shah S, et al. Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe in humans. Circulation 2002;106:1943–1948. ArticlePubMed
• 8. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387–2397. ArticlePubMed
• 9. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2181–2192. PubMedPMC
• 10. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009;339:b2535. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 11. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 12. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557–560. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 13. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:604–612. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 14. Sedgwick P. Meta-analyses: heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. BMJ 2013;346:f4040.Article
• 15. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629–634. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 16. West AM, Anderson JD, Meyer CH, Epstein FH, Wang H, Hagspiel KD, et al. The effect of ezetimibe on peripheral arterial atherosclerosis depends upon statin use at baseline. Atherosclerosis 2011;218:156–162. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 17. Kovarnik T, Mintz GS, Skalicka H, Kral A, Horak J, Skulec R, et al. Virtual histology evaluation of atherosclerosis regression during atorvastatin and ezetimibe administration: HEAVEN study. Circ J 2012;76:176–183. ArticlePubMed
• 18. Kouvelos GN, Arnaoutoglou EM, Matsagkas MI, Kostara C, Gartzonika C, Bairaktari ET, et al. Effects of rosuvastatin with or without ezetimibe on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery: results of a pilot study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013;18:5–12. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 19. Suzuki H, Watanabe Y, Kumagai H, Shuto H. Comparative efficacy and adverse effects of the addition of ezetimibe to statin versus statin titration in chronic kidney disease patients. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2013;7:306–315. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 20. Tsujita K, Sugiyama S, Sumida H, Shimomura H, Yamashita T, Yamanaga K, et al. Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: the multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:495–507. PubMed
• 21. Savarese G, De Ferrari GM, Rosano GM, Perrone-Filardi P. Safety and efficacy of ezetimibe: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2015;201:247–252. ArticlePubMed
• 22. Fei Y, Guyatt GH, Alexander PE, El Dib R, Siemieniuk RA, Vandvik PO, et al. Addition of Ezetimibe to statins for patients at high cardiovascular risk: systematic review of patient-important outcomes. J Eval Clin Pract 2018;24:222–231. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 23. Battaggia A, Donzelli A, Font M, Molteni D, Galvano A. Clinical efficacy and safety of Ezetimibe on major cardiovascular endpoints: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0124587. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 24. Thomopoulos C, Skalis G, Michalopoulou H, Tsioufis C, Makris T. Effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering by ezetimibe/simvastatin on outcome incidence: overview, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. Clin Cardiol 2015;38:763–769. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 25. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2999–3058. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 26. Committee for the Korean Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia. 2015 Korean guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia: executive summary (English translation). Korean Circ J 2016;46:275–306. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 27. Nayor M, Vasan RS. Recent update to the US cholesterol treatment guidelines: a comparison with international guidelines. Circulation 2016;133:1795–1806. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 28. Ravid Z, Bendayan M, Delvin E, Sane AT, Elchebly M, Lafond J, et al. Modulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption by high glucose levels: impact on cholesterol transporters, regulatory enzymes, and transcription factors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008;295:G873–G885. ArticlePubMed
• 29. Lally SE, Owens D, Tomkin GH. Sitosterol and cholesterol in chylomicrons of type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: the relationship with ATP binding cassette proteins G5 and G8 and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 mRNA. Diabetologia 2007;50:217–219. ArticlePubMedPDF
• 30. Vaverkova H, Farnier M, Averna M, Missault L, Viigimaa M, Dong Q, et al. Lipid-altering efficacy of ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 mg compared to rosuvastatin 10 mg in high-risk patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled despite prior statin monotherapy. Cardiovasc Ther 2012;30:61–74. ArticlePubMed
• 31. Leiter LA, Betteridge DJ, Farnier M, Guyton JR, Lin J, Shah A, et al. Lipid-altering efficacy and safety profile of combination therapy with ezetimibe/statin vs. statin monotherapy in patients with and without diabetes: an analysis of pooled data from 27 clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:615–628. ArticlePubMed
• 32. Koh KK, Oh PC, Sakuma I, Kim EY, Lee Y, Hayashi T, et al. Vascular and metabolic effects of ezetimibe combined with simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Int J Cardiol 2015;199:126–131. ArticlePubMed
• 33. Tie C, Gao K, Zhang N, Zhang S, Shen J, Xie X, et al. Ezetimibe attenuates atherosclerosis associated with lipid reduction and inflammation inhibition. PLoS One 2015;10:e0142430. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 34. Patel SB. Ezetimibe: a novel cholesterol-lowering agent that highlights novel physiologic pathways. Curr Cardiol Rep 2004;6:439–442. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 35. Qin L, Yang YB, Yang YX, Gong YZ, Li XL, Li GY, et al. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation by ezetimibe via the cyclin D1-MAPK pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2014;125:283–291. ArticlePubMed
• 36. Hussein O, Minasian L, Itzkovich Y, Shestatski K, Solomon L, Zidan J. Ezetimibe's effect on platelet aggregation and LDL tendency to peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemia as monotherapy or in addition to simvastatin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;65:637–645. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 37. Peto R, Emberson J, Landray M, Baigent C, Collins R, Clare R, et al. Analyses of cancer data from three ezetimibe trials. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1357–1366. ArticlePubMed
• 38. Drazen JM, D'Agostino RB, Ware JH, Morrissey S, Curfman GD. Ezetimibe and cancer: an uncertain association. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1398–1399. ArticlePubMed

Fig. 1

Flow diagram of the literature search to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the differential effect of ezetimibe combination therapy on the reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) according to the presence of diabetes. DM, diabetes mellitus.

Fig. 2

Pooled effects of ezetimibe-statin combination therapy on major adverse cardiovascular events grouped by the presence of diabetes within studies. The test for heterogeneity between subgroups was significant (A) in all studies (P=0.012) and (B) after excluding the placebo-controlled trial (SHARP) (P=0.022). RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; SHARP, the Study of Heart and Renal Protection; HEAVEN, virtual histology evaluation of atherosclerosis regression during atorvastatin and ezetimibe administration study; PRECISE-IVUS, Plaque Regression With Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor or Synthesis Inhibitor Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound Study; IMPROVE-IT, the Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial.

Table 1

Data of Subjects in Seven Randomized Controlled Trials of Ezetimibe Combination Therapy with Statin or Placebo Comparator Arms that Reported Incident MACEs Grouped by the Presence of Diabetes

Study	DM/Total, no. (%)	Target population	Mean age, yr	Men, %	Mean BMI, kg/m2	LDL-C reduction in treatment group, %	LDL-C reduction in control group, %	Treatmenta	Control	Median follow-up, wk	MACE definition	MACEs in treatment group, no. (%)	MACEs in control group, no. (%)
West	29/67 (43.2)	PAOD	63.5	55.9	29.0	−42.8	−26.3	S40+E10	S40 or previous statin	96	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, and TIA	16/51 (31)	6/16 (38)
SHARP	2,094/9,270 (22.6)	CKD	62.0	62.6	27.1	−35.6	−2.4	S20+E10	Placebo	240	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization	526/4,650 (11)	619/4,620 (13)
Kouvelos	79/262 (30.2)	Elective vascular surgery	71.0	89.7	NA	−48.8	−39.0	R10+E10	R10	48	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for USA	9/126 (7)	17/136 (13)
IMPROVE-IT	4,933/18,144 (27.2)	ACS	63.6	75.7	28.3	−42.9	−26.1	S40+E10	S40	288	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for USA, coronary revascularization	2,572/9,067 (28)	2,742/9,077 (30)
Suzuki	78/157 (49.7)	Hypercholesterolemia	64.0	64.0	25.5	−15.0	−14.3	Any statin+E10	Any statin	144	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for USA, coronary revascularization	1/86 (1)	4/71 (6)
PRECISE-IVUS	60/202 (29.7)	ACS, stable angina	66.5	79.0	25.5	−19.3	−4.3	A10+E10	A10	48	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for USA, coronary revascularization	18/100 (18)	25/102 (25)
HEAVEN	25/89 (25.0)	Stable angina	64.3	71.9	NA	−35.5	−3.7	A80+E10	Any statin	48	CV death, non-fatal MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for USA, coronary revascularization	13/42 (31)	13/47 (28)

MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAOD, peripheral artery occlusive disease; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction; TIA, transient ischemic attack; SHARP, the Study of Heart and Renal Protection; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NA, not available; USA, unstable angina; IMPROVE-IT, the Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PRECISE-IVUS, Plaque Regression With Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor or Synthesis Inhibitor Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound Study; HEAVEN, Virtual histology evaluation of atherosclerosis regression during atorvastatin and ezetimibe administration study.

^aA10 atorvastatin (10 mg), S20 simvastatin (20 mg), S40 simvastatin (40 mg), R10 rosuvastatin (10 mg), E10 ezetimibe (10 mg).

Table 2

Sensitivity Analyses for Assessing the Effects of Individual Studies on the Pooled Risk Ratio for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

	Pooled RR	95% CI
Omitted study (DM)a
West	0.84	0.77–0.91
SHARP	0.86	0.78–0.94
HEAVEN	0.84	0.77–0.91
Suzuki	0.84	0.77–0.91
Kouvelos	0.85	0.78–0.93
PRECISE-IVUS	0.84	0.77–0.91
IMPROVE-IT	0.77	0.65–0.92
Combined	0.84	0.77–0.91
Omitted studies (non-DM)b
West	0.91	0.80–1.02
SHARP	0.97	0.91–1.03
HEAVEN	0.91	0.81–1.02
Suzuki	0.92	0.83–1.02
Kouvelos	0.96	0.91–1.01
PRECISE-IVUS	0.94	0.86–1.02
IMPROVE-IT	0.85	0.74–0.97
Combined	0.93	0.85–1.02

RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; SHARP, the Study of Heart and Renal Protection; HEAVEN, Virtual histology evaluation of atherosclerosis regression during atorvastatin and ezetimibe administration study; PRECISE-IVUS, Plaque Regression With Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor or Synthesis Inhibitor Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound Study; IMPROVE-IT, The Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial.

^aDM, subgroup with diabetes in each study; ^bNon-DM, subgroup without diabetes in each study.

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Cardiovascular outcomes and adverse drug reactions associated with the use of ezetimibe in combination with a statin in diabetes mellitus patients with higher risk for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis
  Yan Zhou, Ji Jin
  BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Lipid-Lowering Combination Therapy With Statins and Ezetimibe vs Statin Monotherapy on the Reduction of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Meta-analysis
  Maciej Banach, Vikash Jaiswal, Song Peng Ang, Aanchal Sawhney, Novonil Deb, Pierre Amarenco, Dan Gaita, Zeljko Reiner, Ivan Pećin, Carl J. Lavie, Peter E. Penson, Peter P. Toth
  Mayo Clinic Proceedings.2025; 100(12): 2152.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and Safety of Moderate-Intensity Statin and Ezetimibe Combination Therapy Versus High-Intensity Statin Monotherapy in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
  Farah Yasmin, Abdul Moeed, Muhammad Umar, Farwa Zaidi, Maryam Sarwar Khan, M Chadi Alraies
  Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2025; 14(2): 145.     CrossRef
• 2025 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association
  Shinae Kang, Seon Mee Kang, Jong Han Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko, Bo Kyung Koo, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Mi Kyung Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Young-eun Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Ji Min Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Min Kyong Moon, Sun Joon Moon, Jun Sung
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(4): 582.     CrossRef
• Real-World Effectiveness of Rosuvastatin–Ezetimibe Single Pill (Rovazet®) in Korean Dyslipidemia Patients
  Hack-Lyoung Kim, Hyun Sung Joh, Sang-Hyun Kim, Myung-A Kim
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(15): 5480.     CrossRef
• Switching to rosuvastatin plus ezetimibe in statin-treated stroke patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels above 70 mg/dL (SWITCH): a prospective observational study
  Wookjin Yang, Yeong-Bae Lee, Eung-Gyu Kim, Han-Jin Cho, Sungwook Yu, Joon-Tae Kim, Jong Wook Shin, Soo Joo Lee, Beom Joon Kim, Ji Man Hong, Seong-Ho Koh, Sang Joon An, A-Hyun Cho, Jin-Man Jung, Hyun-Ji Cho, Chulho Kim, Eung-Joon Lee, Jeong-Min Kim, Seung-
  Lipids in Health and Disease.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Multifunctional nanoparticle-mediated combining therapy for human diseases
  Xiaotong Li, Xiuju Peng, Makhloufi Zoulikha, George Frimpong Boafo, Kosheli Thapa Magar, Yanmin Ju, Wei He
  Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparative Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Monotherapy and Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Combination Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Inflammatory Response in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  Ji Hye Han, Kyong Hye Joung, Jun Choul Lee, Ok Soon Kim, Sorim Choung, Ji Min Kim, Yea Eun Kang, Hyon-Seung Yi, Ju Hee Lee, Bon Jeong Ku, Hyun Jin Kim
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 112.     CrossRef
• Combining Ezetimibe and Rosuvastatin: Impacts on Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  Eun Roh
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(1): 55.     CrossRef
• Does Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Combination Therapy Offer Potential Benefits for Glucose Metabolism beyond Lipid-Lowering Efficacy in T2DM?
  Il Rae Park, Jun Sung Moon
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 387.     CrossRef
• 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association
  Jun Sung Moon, Shinae Kang, Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, Yoon Ju Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 546.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin/Ezetimibe Fixed-Dose Combination vs. Pitavastatin: Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
  Kenichi Tsujita, Koutaro Yokote, Junya Ako, Ryohei Tanigawa, Sachiko Tajima, Hideki Suganami
  Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis.2023; 30(11): 1580.     CrossRef
• 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association
  Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, YoonJu Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hae J
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(5): 575.     CrossRef
• Ezetimibe combination therapy with statin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial (ESSENTIAL study)
  Yongin Cho, Hyungjin Rhee, Young-eun Kim, Minyoung Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Jin-Young Choi, Yong-ho Lee
  BMC Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• RSSDI consensus recommendations for dyslipidemia management in diabetes mellitus
  Banshi Saboo, Sanjay Agarwal, Brij Mohan Makkar, Rajeev Chawla, Sujoy Ghosh, Vijay Viswanathan, Sunil Gupta, Ch. Vasanth Kumar, Anuj Maheshwari, L. Sreenivasamurthy, Rakesh Kumar Sahay, Sanjay Reddy, Shalini Jaggi, Jugal Kishor Sharma, Vijay Panikar, Anan
  International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2022; 42(1): 3.     CrossRef
• Ezetimibe and diabetes mellitus:a new strategy for lowering cholesterol
  V.A. Serhiyenko, A.A. Serhiyenko
  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2022; 18(5): 302.     CrossRef
• 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association
  Kyu Yeon Hur, Min Kyong Moon, Jong Suk Park, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Seung Yun, Jong Ha Baek, Junghyun Noh, Byung-Wan Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Suk Chon, Ye Seul Yang, Jang Won Son, Jong Han Choi, Kee Ho Song, Nam Hoon Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Jin Wha Kim,
  Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 461.     CrossRef
• Combination of Statin and Ezetimibe versus Statin Monotherapy on Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence among Adults with Impaired Fasting Glucose: a Propensity-Matched Nationwide Cohort Study
  You-Bin Lee, Bongsung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jung A Kim, Eun Roh, So-hyeon Hong, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Hye Jin Yoo
  Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2021; 10(3): 303.     CrossRef
• PCSK9 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes
  Daniel Steffens, Peter Bramlage, Céline Scheeff, Mario Kasner, Adel Hassanein, Julian Friebel, Ursula Rauch-Kröhnert
  Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy.2020; 20(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Renal Effects of Ezetimibe–Statin Combination versus Statin Monotherapy: A Propensity-Score-Matched Analysis
  Jaehyun Bae, Namki Hong, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Yong-ho Lee
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(3): 798.     CrossRef
• Effect of Ezetimibe on Glucose Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Adipose Tissue
  Yongin Cho, Ryeong-Hyeon Kim, Hyunki Park, Hye Jin Wang, Hyangkyu Lee, Eun Seok Kang
  Biomedicines.2020; 8(11): 512.     CrossRef
• Future perspectives of the pharmacological management of diabetic dyslipidemia
  Angelo Maria Patti, Rosaria Vincenza Giglio, Nikolaos Papanas, Manfredi Rizzo, Ali A. Rizvi
  Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology.2019; 12(2): 129.     CrossRef
• Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Is It All About Glycemia?
  Alessandra Vecchié, Fabrizio Montecucco, Federico Carbone, Franco Dallegri, Aldo Bonaventura
  Current Pharmaceutical Design.2019; 25(29): 3112.     CrossRef
• Triennial Report ofEndocrinology and Metabolism, 2015 to 2017
  Eun-Jung Rhee, Hey Yeon Jang, Won-Young Lee
  Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(2): 195.     CrossRef
• Guidelines, Clinical Evidence, and Real-Life Practice: How to Find Your Way in Managing Hypercholesterolaemia
  Janet Fricker
  EMJ Cardiology.2018; : 38.     CrossRef