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1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Endocrine Society
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception or design: N.H.K., S.G.K. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: K.J.K., N.H.K., J.C., S.G.K., K.J.L. Drafting the work or revising: K.J.K., N.H.K. Final approval of the manuscript: K.J.L.
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), number (%), or mean±standard deviation.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β cell; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
No. of events, no./total (%) | Unadjusted model | P value | Model 1a | P value | Model 2b | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 124/801 (15.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
|
|||||||
GDM | |||||||
Cluster 1 | 16/65 (24.6) | 1.78 (0.98–3.24) | 0.057 | 1.58 (0.80–3.10) | 0.189 | 1.57 (0.72–3.45) | 0.260 |
Cluster 2 | 38/150 (25.3) | 1.85 (1.22–2.81) | 0.004 | 1.54 (0.97–2.45) | 0.071 | 1.59 (0.93–2.74) | 0.091 |
Cluster 3 | 19/42 (45.2) | 4.51 (2.39–8.53) | <0.001 | 2.97 (1.45–6.09) | 0.003 | 2.10 (0.87–5.08) | 0.100 |
|
|||||||
P for trend test | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.
a Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (yes or no), and gestational age (before delivery);
b Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity (yes or no), gestational age (before delivery), systolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, diastolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, fasting blood glucose at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment.
No. of events, no./total (%) | Unadjusted Model | P value | Model 1a | P value | Model 2b | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 124/801 (15.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
|
|||||||
No. of abnormal values | |||||||
2 | 29/138 (21.0) | 1.45 (0.92–2.28) | 0.106 | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) | 0.385 | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 0.414 |
3 | 31/97 (32.0) | 2.56 (1.61–4.09) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.30–3.74) | 0.003 | 2.16 (1.21–3.85) | 0.009 |
4 | 13/22 (59.1) | 7.89 (3.30–18.85) | <0.001 | 4.03 (1.51–10.79) | 0.006 | 2.32 (0.66–8.15) | 0.188 |
|
|||||||
P for trend test | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
a Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (yes or no), and gestational age (before delivery);
b Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity (yes or no), gestational age (before delivery), systolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, diastolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, fasting blood glucose at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment.
No. of events, no./total (%) | Unadjusted model | P value | Model 1a | P value | Model 2b | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 124/801 (15.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
|
|||||||
AUC quartile (min–max) | |||||||
Q1 (364.5–449.0) | 12/64 (18.8) | 1.26 (0.65–2.43) | 0.490 | 1.14 (0.56–2.34) | 0.720 | 1.00 (0.43–2.29) | 0.995 |
Q2 (449.5–470.0) | 12/65 (18.5) | 1.24 (0.64–2.38) | 0.526 | 1.02 (0.49–2.11) | 0.954 | 1.63 (0.73–3.66) | 0.233 |
Q3 (470.5–503.5) | 21/65 (32.3) | 2.61 (1.50–4.53) | 0.001 | 2.34 (1.25–4.37) | 0.008 | 2.03 (0.98–4.21) | 0.057 |
Q4 (504.0–727.0) | 28/63 (44.4) | 4.37 (2.56–7.44) | <0.001 | 2.84 (1.55–5.18) | 0.001 | 2.31 (1.09–4.91) | 0.030 |
|
|||||||
P for trend test | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
AUC, area under the curve; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
a Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (yes or no), and gestational age (before delivery);
b Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity (yes or no), gestational age (before delivery), systolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, diastolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, fasting blood glucose at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment.
Characteristic | Total (n=1,058) | Normal (n=801) | GDM (n=257) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age, yr | 33 (30–35) | 32 (30–35) | 34 (31–36) | <0.001 |
| ||||
Height, cm | 162 (158–165) | 162 (159–165) | 161 (158–164) | 0.054 |
| ||||
Body weight, kg | 54.0 (50.0–59.7) | 53 (49–58) | 56 (52–62) | <0.001 |
| ||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 20.6 (19.1–22.7) | 20.3 (18.9–22.3) | 21.6 (19.7–24.0) | <0.001 |
| ||||
HTN | 10 (1.0) | 6 (0.8) | 4 (1.6) | 0.268 |
| ||||
Past history of GDM | 19 (1.8) | 5 (0.6) | 14 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| ||||
Family history of DM | 208 (19.7) | 142 (17.7) | 66 (25.7) | 0.005 |
| ||||
Family history of HTN | 220 (20.8) | 164 (20.5) | 56 (21.8) | 0.658 |
| ||||
Parity ≥1 | 351 (33.2) | 257 (32.1) | 94 (36.6) | 0.183 |
| ||||
Gestational age, wk (before delivery) | 38.4 (37.6–39.4) | 38.6 (37.7–39.6) | 38.1 (37.3–39.1) | <0.001 |
| ||||
50-g OGTT, mg/dL | 152 (145–164) | 150 (144–161) | 159 (148–176) | <0.001 |
| ||||
100-g OGTT, mg/dL | ||||
Basal | 80 (75–85) | 79 (74–84) | 84 (78–91) | <0.001 |
PP1 | 151 (131–173) | 145 (127–160) | 185 (168–198) | <0.001 |
PP2 | 139 (121–159) | 132 (115–146) | 173 (161–188) | <0.001 |
PP3 | 123 (108–141) | 117 (104–130) | 150 (141–164) | <0.001 |
| ||||
HbA1c 26 weeks, % | 5.2 (5.0–5.5) | 5.2 (5.0–5.5) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 0.002 |
| ||||
Insulin, mg/dL | 5.5 (3.2–8.4) | 4.8 (2.8–8.2) | 6.1 (3.8–8.7) | 0.002 |
| ||||
C-peptide, ng/mL | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 1.8 (1.2–2.3) | 2.0 (1.5–2.9) | <0.001 |
| ||||
HOMA-IR 26 weeks | 1.12 (0.63–1.78) | 0.94 (0.52–1.59) | 1.31 (0.78–1.96) | <0.001 |
| ||||
HOMA-β 26 weeks | 107.3 (65.5–161.0) | 107.4 (65.9–172.8) | 106.6 (65.5–146.3) | 0.345 |
| ||||
SBP 26 weeks, mm Hg | 113.6±12.3 | 112.8±11.9 | 116.2±12.9 | <0.001 |
| ||||
DBP 26 weeks, mm Hg | 67.4±8.2 | 66.8±7.7 | 69.3±9.2 | <0.001 |
| ||||
SBP 35 weeks, mm Hg | 115.4±12.0 | 114.9±11.4 | 116.8±13.6 | 0.046 |
| ||||
DBP 35 weeks, mm Hg | 69.7±8.4 | 69.6±8.2 | 70.0±8.9 | 0.532 |
| ||||
FBG 35 weeks, mg/dL | 97.4±23.6 | 94.4±21.0 | 107.1±28.6 | <0.001 |
| ||||
TC 26 weeks, mg/dL | 231.8±43.3 | 240.5±32.0 | 230.9±44.4 | 0.312 |
| ||||
TG 26 weeks, mg/dL | 224 (180–296) | 261 (178–316) | 224 (180–294) | 0.514 |
| ||||
HDL-C 26 weeks, mg/dL | 70 (61–77) | 71.7 (64.0–81.0) | 70 (60–77) | 0.296 |
No. of events, no./total (%) | Unadjusted model | P value | Model 1 |
P value | Model 2 |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 124/801 (15.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
| |||||||
GDM | |||||||
Cluster 1 | 16/65 (24.6) | 1.78 (0.98–3.24) | 0.057 | 1.58 (0.80–3.10) | 0.189 | 1.57 (0.72–3.45) | 0.260 |
Cluster 2 | 38/150 (25.3) | 1.85 (1.22–2.81) | 0.004 | 1.54 (0.97–2.45) | 0.071 | 1.59 (0.93–2.74) | 0.091 |
Cluster 3 | 19/42 (45.2) | 4.51 (2.39–8.53) | <0.001 | 2.97 (1.45–6.09) | 0.003 | 2.10 (0.87–5.08) | 0.100 |
| |||||||
P for trend test | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
No. of events, no./total (%) | Unadjusted Model | P value | Model 1 |
P value | Model 2 |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 124/801 (15.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
| |||||||
No. of abnormal values | |||||||
2 | 29/138 (21.0) | 1.45 (0.92–2.28) | 0.106 | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) | 0.385 | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 0.414 |
3 | 31/97 (32.0) | 2.56 (1.61–4.09) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.30–3.74) | 0.003 | 2.16 (1.21–3.85) | 0.009 |
4 | 13/22 (59.1) | 7.89 (3.30–18.85) | <0.001 | 4.03 (1.51–10.79) | 0.006 | 2.32 (0.66–8.15) | 0.188 |
| |||||||
P for trend test | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
No. of events, no./total (%) | Unadjusted model | P value | Model 1 |
P value | Model 2 |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 124/801 (15.5) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
| |||||||
AUC quartile (min–max) | |||||||
Q1 (364.5–449.0) | 12/64 (18.8) | 1.26 (0.65–2.43) | 0.490 | 1.14 (0.56–2.34) | 0.720 | 1.00 (0.43–2.29) | 0.995 |
Q2 (449.5–470.0) | 12/65 (18.5) | 1.24 (0.64–2.38) | 0.526 | 1.02 (0.49–2.11) | 0.954 | 1.63 (0.73–3.66) | 0.233 |
Q3 (470.5–503.5) | 21/65 (32.3) | 2.61 (1.50–4.53) | 0.001 | 2.34 (1.25–4.37) | 0.008 | 2.03 (0.98–4.21) | 0.057 |
Q4 (504.0–727.0) | 28/63 (44.4) | 4.37 (2.56–7.44) | <0.001 | 2.84 (1.55–5.18) | 0.001 | 2.31 (1.09–4.91) | 0.030 |
| |||||||
P for trend test | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), number (%), or mean±standard deviation. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of β cell; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus. Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (yes or no), and gestational age (before delivery); Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity (yes or no), gestational age (before delivery), systolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, diastolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, fasting blood glucose at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment.
OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test. Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (yes or no), and gestational age (before delivery); Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity (yes or no), gestational age (before delivery), systolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, diastolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, fasting blood glucose at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment.
AUC, area under the curve; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test. Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity (yes or no), and gestational age (before delivery); Adjusted for age, preexisting hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity (yes or no), gestational age (before delivery), systolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, diastolic blood pressure at 35 weeks of gestation, fasting blood glucose at 35 weeks of gestation, and insulin treatment.