Appel et al. (2021) [7] |
US |
688 |
1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day for dose-finding stage |
24 |
77.2 |
43.6 |
Fall |
365 |
1,000 IU/day for confirmatory stage |
Bischoff-Ferrari et al. (2020) [25] |
Switzerland |
2,157 |
2×2×2 factorial design |
36 |
74.9 |
61.7 |
Fracture |
256 |
2,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 and calcium supplement 500 mg/day, 1 g/day of omega-3s, and a strength-training exercise program; vitamin D3 and omega-3s; vitamin D3 and exercise; vitamin D3 alone; omega-3s and exercise; omega-3s alone; exercise alone; or placebo |
LeBoff et al. (2020) [10] |
US |
25,871 |
2×2 factorial design |
63.6 |
67.1 |
51 |
Fall |
2,329 |
2,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 and calcium supplements and/or omega-3s 1 g/day or respective placebos |
Khaw et al. (2017) [26] |
New Zealand |
5,110 |
Initial oral dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3 followed by monthly 100,000 IU vitamin D3 or equivalent placebo |
41 |
65.9 |
42 |
Fracture |
2,638 |
Fall |
Levis et al. (2017) [27] |
US |
130 |
4,000 IU per day of vitamin D3 or placebo |
9 |
72.4 |
0 |
Fall |
19 |
Hin et al. (2017) [28] |
UK |
305 |
4,000, 2,000 IU per day of vitamin D3 or placebo |
12 |
71 |
49 |
Fall |
48 |
Imaoka et al. (2016) [29] |
Japan |
91 |
900 IU/day of vitamin D or placebo |
9 |
82 |
75.8 |
Fall |
15 |
Cangussu et al. (2016) [30] |
Brazil |
160 |
1,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 or placebo |
12 |
59 |
100 |
Fall |
56 |
Baron et al. (2015) [23] |
US |
2,259 |
Partial 2×2 factorial design |
60 |
58 |
15 |
Fracture |
119 |
1,000 IU per day of vitamin D3, 1,200 mg/ day of calcium carbonate, both, or neither |
Uusi-Rasi et al. (2015) [31] |
Finland |
409 |
Placebo without exercise, vitamin D3 (800 IU/day) without exercise, placebo and exercise, and vitamin D3 (800 IU/day) and exercise |
24 |
74 |
100 |
Fall |
26 |
Hansen et al. (2015) [32] |
US |
230 |
Daily white and twice monthly yellow placebo, daily 800 IU vitamin D3 and twice monthly yellow placebo, and daily white placebo and twice monthly 50,000 IU vitamin D3 (n=79) |
12 |
61 |
100 |
Fall |
45 |
Wood et al. (2014) [33] |
UK |
305 |
400 or 1,000 IU per daily of vitamin D3 or placebo |
12 |
63.8 |
100 |
Fall |
58 |
Prentice et al. (2013) [34] |
US |
36,282 |
1,000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily or placebo |
86 |
65 |
100 |
Fracture |
4,260 |
Witham et al. (2013) [35] |
UK |
159 |
100,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol every 3 months or placebo |
12 |
77 |
50 |
Fall |
82 |
Glendenning et al. (2012) [36] |
Australia |
686 |
150,000 IU every 3 months of oral cholecalciferol or placebo |
9 |
76 |
100 |
Fall |
191 |
Salovaara et al. (2010) [24] |
Finland |
3,195 |
800 IU of cholecalciferol and 1,000 mg of calcium carbonate or control without placebo |
36 |
67 |
100 |
Fracture |
172 |
Sanders et al. (2010) [19] |
Australia |
137 |
500,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol annually or placebo |
60 |
76 |
100 |
Fracture |
306 |
Fall |
1,606 |
Karkkainen et al. (2010) [37] |
Finland |
3,139 |
800 IU of cholecalciferol and 1,000 mg of calcium carbonate or control without placebo |
36 |
67 |
100 |
Fall |
1,645 |
Pfeifer et al. (2009) [38] |
Germany |
242 |
1,000 mg of calcium or 1,000 mg of calcium plus 800 IU of vitamin D3 per day |
12 |
77 |
100 |
Fall |
124 |
Bischoff-Ferrari et al. (2006) [39] |
US |
445 |
700 IU of vitamin D3 plus 500 mg of calcium citrate per day or placebo |
36 |
71 |
55 |
Fall |
170 |
Porthouse et al. (2005) [40] |
UK |
3,314 |
Daily oral supplementation using 1,000 mg calcium with 800 IU cholecaliferol or control without placebo |
25 |
77 |
100 |
Fracture |
103 |
Grant et al. (2005) [41] |
UK |
5,292 |
800 IU daily oral vitamin D3, 1,000 mg calcium, oral vitamin D3 plus calcium (1,000 mg per day), or placebo |
24 |
77 |
100 |
Fracture |
408 |
Fall |
415 |
Larsen et al. (2005) [42] |
Denmark |
9,605 |
1,000 mg of calcium carbonate and 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily or control |
42 |
74 |
60.1 |
Fall |
913 |
Trivedi et al. (2003) [22] |
UK |
2,686 |
100,000 IU oral vitamin D3 or matching placebo every 4 months |
60 |
74 |
24.1 |
Fracture |
268 |
Fall |
515 |
Chapuy et al. (2002) [21] |
France |
583 |
800 IU of vitamin D3 plus 1,200 mg calcium carbonate or placebo |
24 |
85 |
100 |
Fracture |
105 |
Fall |
Meyer et al. (2002) [43] |
Norway |
1,144 |
Ordinary cod liver oil (400 IU of vitamin D3) or cod liver oil where vitamin D was removed |
24 |
85 |
75 |
Fracture |
145 |
Pfeifer et al. (2000) [18] |
Germany |
148 |
1,200 mg of calcium carbonate or 1,200 mg of elemental calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D3 |
12 |
74 |
100 |
Fracture |
9 |
Fall |
35 |
Peacock et al. (2000) [44] |
US |
438 |
750 mg calcium citrate plus 600 IU of vitamin D3 or placebo |
48 |
75 |
71.7 |
Fracture |
56 |
Komulainen et al. (1998) [45] |
Finland |
464 |
300 IU/day of vitamin D3 or placebo |
120 |
53 |
100 |
Fracture |
27 |
Dawson-Hughes et al. (1997) [46] |
US |
389 |
500 mg of calcium plus 700 IU of vitamin D3 per day or placebo |
36 |
71 |
54.7 |
Fracture |
37 |
Lips et al. (1996) [47] |
Belgium |
2,578 |
Vitamin D3, 400 IU in one tablet daily, or placebo |
42 |
80 |
74.3 |
Fracture |
267 |
Chapuy et al. (1994) [20] |
France |
3,270 |
1–2 g calcium daily in the form of tricalcium phosphate, together with 800 IU cholecalciferol or placebo |
18 |
72 |
100 |
Fracture |
563 |